Page 1517 - Veterinary Immunology, 10th Edition

Interleukin-39 A member of the IL-12 family. It is a heterodimeric
VetBooks.ir protein that mediates inflammation in lupus-like mice.

Leptin A protein produced by adipocytes that suppresses appetite
by signaling through a receptor in the hypothalamus. It exerts a
strong proinflammatory effect and promotes dendritic cell

activation and Th1 responses (Chapter 40).

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) A growth factor
produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, epithelial
cells, and endothelial cells. These act on monocyte stem cells to

induce their proliferation and promote their differentiation into
M2 cells.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) A protein produced
by macrophages and T cells. It acts on macrophages to prevent
their random migration, hence its name. It also activates

lymphocytes. MIF promotes the production of the
proinflammatory mediators TNF-α and IFN-γ.

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) A member of the IL-2
family that activates antigen-presenting cells, resulting in the

release of monocyte chemoattractants. It is produced by
fibroblasts, enterocytes, epithelial cells, mast cells, keratinocytes,
and Th2 cells. It promotes mast cell production of Th2 cytokines.
It is also a potent pruritogen causing severe itching (Chapter 30)

and acts as a B cell growth factor (Chapter 21).

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) A family of five signaling
proteins. They are produced by platelets, activated macrophages,
neutrophils, B cells, and T cells and act on most cell types,

including T and B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils,
and fibroblasts. The TGF-βs inhibit T and B cell proliferation and
macrophage function, and are immunosuppressive (Chapter 20).

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) A proinflammatory cytokine
produced by macrophages, mast cells, T cells, endothelial cells, B
cells, adipocytes, and fibroblasts. It is toxic to many tumor cells.

TNF-α is the central inducer of inflammation (Chapter 3).

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