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APMV serotypes has revealed several novel features within APMV Alexander, D.J., and Chettle, N.J. (1978). Relationship of parakeet/
Netherlands/449/75 virus to other avian paramyxoviruses. Res. Vet. Sci.
genomes. The genome size of these viruses can range between 25, 105–106.
14–17 kb. Genomes of some of the serotypes have long UTRs Alexander, D.J., and Collins, M.S. (1982). Pathogenicity of PMV-3/
and extended trailer region. The coding capacity of each gene parakeet/Netherlands/449/75 for chickens. Avian Pathol. 11, 179–185.
also differs among these viruses. The SH gene, previously found Alexander, D.J., Chettle, N.J., and Parsons, G. (1979). Resistance of
chickens to challenge with the virulent Herts 33 strain of Newcastle
in rubulaviruses, is present only in APMV-6. It will be interesting disease virus induced by prior infection with serologically distinct avian
to find the function of this gene in APMV-6. The RNA editing paramyxoviruses. Res. Vet. Sci. 26, 198–201.
mechanism for production of P protein also differs in APMV-11. Alexander, D.J., Hinshaw, V.S., and Collins, M.S. (1981). Characterization of
It is expected that as more APMV serotypes are discovered, more viruses from doves representing a new serotype of avian paramyxoviruses.
Arch. Virol. 68, 265–269.
novel features will be found. Alexander, D.J., Allan, W.H., Parsons, G., and Collins, M.S. (1982).
The disease potential of the newly discovered APMV sero- Identification of paramyxoviruses isolated from birds dying in quarantine
types to poultry and to humans is unknown. The broad host range in Great Britain during 1980 to 1981. Vet. Rec. 111, 571–574.
of paramyxoviruses, in general, suggests that these viruses may be Alexander, D.J., Hinshaw, V.S., Collins, M.S., and Yamane, N. (1983a).
Characterization of viruses which represent further distinct serotypes
capable of infecting many avian and non-avian species. This fact (PMV-8 and PMV-9) of avian paramyxoviruses. Arch. Virol. 78, 29–36.
highlights the importance of studying these viruses. Although Alexander, D.J., Pattison, M., and Macpherson, I. (1983b). Avian
these viruses are either non-pathogenic or mildly pathogenic to paramyxoviruses of PMV-3 serotype in British turkeys. Avian Pathol. 12,
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poultry, the potential of these viruses to become pathogenic after Amarasinghe, G.K., Bào, Y., Basler, C.F., Bavari, S., Beer, M., Bejerman, N.,
transmission and circulation in domestic chickens and turkeys Blasdell, K.R., Bochnowski, A., Briese, T., Bukreyev, A., et al. (2017).
exists. Therefore, studies are necessary to assess the host specific- Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2017. Arch. Virol. 162,
ity, prevalence and pathogenicity of these viruses. Monitoring of 2493–2504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3311-7.
APMVs in wild birds should be continued to isolate additional Andral, B., and Toquin, D. (1984). Infectious a myxovirus: chutes de ponte
chez les dindes reproducterices I infections par les paramyxovirus
strains of the already identified APMV serotypes and to find new aviaires de type III. Recl. Med. Vet. 43–48.
APMV serotypes. Asahara, T., Yoshimura, M., Tusubaki, S., Yamagamt, T., Aoi, T., Ide, S.,
The current classification based on phylogenetic analysis using and Masu, S. (1973). Isolation in Japan of a virus similar to myxovirus
Yucaipa (MVY). Bull. Azabu. Vet. Coll. 26, 67–81.
complete amino acid sequences of RdRp is an ideal method to clas- Bankowski, R.A., Corstvet, R.E., and Clark, G.T. (1960). Isolation of an
sify APMV isolates. However, F gene sequence analysis provide unidentified agent from the respiratory tract of chickens. Science 132,
additional information on the deduced fusion protein cleavage 292–293.
site sequence of the isolates, which is a primary determinant of Bankowski, R.A., Conrad, R.D., and Reynolds, B. (1968). Avian influenza
virulence in APMV-1, indicating epidemiological application and paramyxoviruses complicating respiratory disease diagnosis in
poultry. Avian Dis. 12, 259–278.
of the analysis. By and large, genetic analysis is a better method Bankowski, R.A., Almquist, J., and Dombrucki, J. (1981). Effect of
than cross-HI test. However, serological relatedness of the APMV paramyxovirus yucaipa on fertility, hatchability, and poult yield of
isolates cannot be ignored and reference antisera to all currently turkeys. Avian Dis. 25, 517–520.
identified serotypes need to be produced and made available to Berger, B., and Singh, M. (1997). An iterative method for improved protein
structural motif recognition. J. Comput. Biol. 4, 261–273. https://doi.
researchers around the world. Exchange of viruses and antisera org/10.1089/cmb.1997.4.261.
between laboratories will facilitate research on these viruses. Bradshaw, G.L., and Jensen, M.M. (1979). The epidemiology of Yucaipa
Development of reverse genetic systems for the manipulation of virus in relationship to the acute respiratory disease syndrome in turkeys.
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these viruses will not only advance our understanding of their Briand, F.X., Henry, A., Massin, P., and Jestin, V. (2012). Complete genome
molecular biology but also the potential of these recombinant sequence of a novel avian paramyxovirus. J. Virol. 86, 7710. https://doi.
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In conclusion, it is highly likely that new APMV serotypes will Bui, V.N., Mizutani, T., Nguyen, T.H., Trinh, D.Q., Awad, S.S., Minoungou,
continue to be discovered. Further characterization and studies G.L., Yamamoto, Y., Nakamura, K., Saito, K., Watanabe, Y., et al.
(2014). Characterization of a genetic and antigenic variant of avian
of new and already identified APMVs will lead to a better under- paramyxovirus 6 isolated from a migratory wild bird, the red-necked
standing of this diverse and important group of viruses. stint (Calidris ruficollis). Arch. Virol. 159, 3101–3105. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s00705-014-2162-8.
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