Page 116 - Avian Virology: Current Research and Future Trends

Figure 14
Avian Paramyxoviruses | 109

APMV-8/white-fronted goose/Kazakhstan/92/2013
93
81 APMV-8/white-fronted goose/Kazakhstan/62/2013

61 APMV-8/white-fronted goose/Kazakhstan/65/2013

95 APMV-8/whooper swan/Kazakhstan/95/2013

68
APMV-8/little stint/Kazakhstan/14/2013
APMV-8/wild bird/Mongolia/020/2012

APMV-8/pintail/Wakuya/20/78

APMV-8/goose/Delaware/1053/76

0.0050

Figure 3.14 Phylogenetic analysis of APMV-8 strains. The evolutionary history was inferred based on the complete coding sequences of
fusion gene of eight APMV-8 strains by using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Kimura 2-parameter model (Kimura, 1980) in
MEGA7 (Kumar et al., 2016).

sequences of each of the four APMV-10 strains is 15,456 nt. The APMV-14
3′-leader and 5′-trailer regions are 55 nt and 296 nt, respectively. APMV strain duck/Japan/11OG0352/2011 (11OG0352) was
The genome contains six non-overlapping genes. The putative isolated from a duck faeces in Northern Japan in 2011 during
aa sequence of the F protein cleavage site of all four APMV-10 AIV surveillance (Thampaisarn et al., 2017). The complete
strains contain dibasic residues, K-P-S-Q-RI. APMV-10 grows genome of the virus is 15,444 nt and contains six genes. The
in Vero and DF-1 cells only with the addition of trypsin. Phylo- leader and trailer regions are 55 nt and 277 nt, respectively.
genetic analysis showed that all four isolates grouped together, The F protein cleavage site is T-R-E-G-KL which resembles
and they are more closely related to APMV-2, -8, -15, and -20 a lentogenic strain of APMV-1. This is the only APMV which
viruses at the aa sequence level (Miller et al., 2010; Goraichuk contains a K residue at the –1 position, whereas all other APMV
et al., 2017). serotypes contain an R residue at this position. The significance
of the K residue at this position is unknown. In the absence of
APMV-11 trypsin, strain 11OG0352 replicated in CEF cells but not in
APMV-11 (AMAvV-11) strain common snipe/ MDBK, MDCK, and Vero cells. Exogenous trypsin augmented
France/100212/2010 (France/100212) was isolated from growth and syncytia formation in CEF cells. The virus showed
a live common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) in France during low cross-reaction by HI test with APMV-6. Comparison of
AIV active surveillance in 2010 (Briand et al., 2012). The full genome sequences showed that APMV-5 is most closely
genome of APMV-11 is 17,412 nt. To date, this is the largest related to the APMV-14 strain 11OG0352 (51.4% nt identity)
APMV genome reported. The genome organization is typical and the latter differs most from APMV-3 and -4 (each with
of other APMVs, with six genes encoding 8 different proteins. 42.7% nt identity). The virus showed very low cross-reactivity
The APMV-11 differs from other APMV serotypes in that the with APMV-6 by HI test (Thampaisarn et al., 2017). Strain
V protein is produced from the unedited mRNA and the P 11OG0352 replicates only in chicken embryo fibroblast cells,
protein is produced from an mRNA containing a two-G inser- indicating that the virus is highly restrictive to avian species.
tion (Briand et al., 2012) (Fig. 3.10). The F gene of APMV-11 This virus represents species AMAvV-14.
strain France/100212 has two ORFs. A small ORF of 279 nt
that encode a 92 aa hypothetical protein initiates upstream and APMV-15
overlaps with the second ORF. The second start codon (ATG) A novel APMV strain Calidris fuscicollis/Brazil/RS-1177/2012
appears to be optimized for protein translation and code for the (RS-1177) was isolated from a migratory bird, white-rumped
F protein of APMV-11. The significance of the upstream small sandpiper (Calidris fuscicollis), during active AIV and NDV sur-
ORF is not known. The putative cleavage site sequence of the veillance in South Brazil in 2012 (Thomazelli et al., 2017). The
F protein is S-G-T-K-RF. The leader and trailer regions are virus was antigenically and genetically distinct from other APMV
55 nt and 402 nt, respectively. The highest genomic nt identity serotypes. The genome was 14,952 nt long, with six genes. The F
(49.6%) is with APMV-2 strain Yucaipa. The only known strain protein cleavage site contained two basic aa (V-P-K-E-RL), typi-
France/100212 is the prototype strain for APMV-11. cal of avirulent APMV-1 strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated