Page 115 - Avian Virology: Current Research and Future Trends

Figure 13
108 | Paldurai and Samal

87 APMV-6/mallard/Jilin/190/2011
APMV-6/mallard/Jilin/127/2011
96
APMV-6/duck/South Korea/KNU26/2011
99
APMV-6/duck/South Korea/KNU22/2011
97
APMV-6/red-crested pochard/Balkhash/5842/2013
84
APMV-6/teal/Novosibirsk/455/2009
95 APMV-6/duck/Taiwan/Y1/98
APMV-6/goose/Far East/4440/2003
APMV-6/teal/ Italy/6895-1/07
99
99 APMV-6/duck/Italy/4526/07
94 APMV-6/mallard/Belgium/12245/07
APMV-6/duck/Hong Kong/18/199/77
APMV-6/duck/South Korea/KNU59/2013
81
APMV-6/duck/South Korea/KNU57/2013
94 APMV-6/duck/South Korea/KNU58/2013
APMV-6/duck/South Korea/KNU63/2014
65 APMV-6/duck/South Korea/KNU60/2013
100
APMV-6/red-necked stint/Japan/8KS0813/2008
APMV-6/duck/Italy/4524-2/07
33
91 APMV-6/duck/South Korea/KNU62/2013
34 APMV-6/duck/South Korea/KNU61/2013
37 APMV-6/duck/South Korea/KNU14/2010
100 APMV-6/duck/South Korea/KNU13/2010

0.050

Figure 3.13 Phylogenetic analysis of APMV-6 strains. The evolutionary history was inferred based on the complete coding sequences of
fusion gene of 23 APMV-6 strains by using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Kimura 2-parameter model (Kimura, 1980) in
MEGA7 (Kumar et al., 2016).

2009; Paldurai et al., 2009). The genome sequence of APMV-8 reported strains (Paldurai et al., 2009). The genome organiza-
strain pintail/Wakuya/20/78 was also determined (Paldurai tion of these strains is very similar to those of the previously
et al., 2009). The genome of each strain is 15,342 nt long and reported strains. The five new strains revealed some genetic
contains six genes. The leader and trailer sequences are 55 and variation amongst themselves, but are phylogenetically very
171 nt, respectively. The IGS range from 1 to 30 nt. Comparison closely related, indicating that the sequences of APMV-8 strains
of sequences of strains Delaware and Wakuya showed nt iden- are highly conserved (Fereidouni et al., 2018). The putative F
tity of 96.8% at the genome level and aa identities of cognate protein cleavage sites in the new APMV-8 strains from Kazakh-
proteins ranging from 96.5–99.4%. Both strains grow in embryo- stan are identical to the previously reported strains. These five
nated chicken eggs and in primary chicken embryo kidney, and new Kazakhstan strains are more closely related to the East
293T-cells. Both strains contain only a single basic residue at Asian strain Wakuya than to than to the North American strain
the F protein cleavage site (T-Y-P-Q-T-RL) and their efficiency Delaware (Fereidouni et al., 2018). A phylogenetic analysis of
of replication in vitro depended on and was augmented by, the APMV-8 strains is shown in Fig. 3.14.
presence of exogenous protease in most cell lines. The CPE
included cell rounding and detachment but not syncytia forma- APMV-10
tion. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis of the The APMV-10 (AMAvV-10) prototype strain APMV10/
predicted aa sequence of APMV-8 strain Delaware proteins with penguin/Falkland Islands/324/2007 was isolated from a
the cognate proteins of other available APMV serotypes showed Rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome) in the Falkland
that APMV-8 is more closely related to APMV-2, -10, -15, and -20 Islands in 2007 during a seabird health surveillance program
than to other APMV serotypes. (Miller et al., 2010). The APMV-10 strain Falkland Islands/324
Recently, complete genome sequences of five APMV-8 strains grows in the chorioallantoic cavity of 9-day-old embryonated
isolated in Kazakhstan in 2013 were reported (Fereidouni et al., chicken eggs. The virus has an ICPI value of 0.00 and does
2018). Three were from white-fronted geese, one from whooper not cause any signs of disease in adult chickens (Miller et al.,
swan and one from little stint. These five strains were isolated 2010). To date, APMV-10 has only been isolated from penguins
almost four decades after their first discovery in the USA and in the Falkland Islands. In 2017, complete genome sequences
Japan in 1970s. The sequence length of the five new APMV-8 of four APMV-10 strains isolated in 2007 in Falkland Islands
strains is 15,342 nt, which is identical to the two previously were reported (Goraichuk et al., 2017). The complete genome