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Figure 11
Avian Paramyxoviruses | 105

APMV-9/widgeon/Italy/6436/2008
99
APMV-9/mallard/Italy/5709/2007

APMV-9/pintail/Italy/493/2004

93
APMV-9/mallard/Italy/6226/2008

APMV-9/duck/New York/22/1978

0.0100

Figure 3.11 Phylogenetic analysis of APMV-9 strains. The evolutionary history was inferred based on the complete coding sequences of
fusion gene of five APMV-9 strains by using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the Kimura 2-parameter model (Kimura, 1980) in
MEGA7 (Kumar et al., 2016).

APMV-16 In comparative genome analysis, these three paramyxoviruses
APMV-16 (AOAvV-16) strain WB/Kr/UPO216/2014 showed 42.5–52.2% nt identity to all other APMV serotypes.
(UPO216) was isolated in 2014 from faecal droppings of wild They have 60.1–65.2% nt identity among each other. These
birds in South Korea during an AIV surveillance (Lee et al., three viruses cause CPE in cell culture, which is characterized
2017). The virus was antigenically and genetically distinct from by cell rounding and detachment, but no syncytia formation
other known APMV serotypes. The genome of APMV strain (Neira et al., 2017). APV-A, -B, and -C represent species
UPO216 is 15,180 nt in length, which contains six genes. The AOAvV-17, -18, and -19, respectively.
putative cleavage site sequence of the F protein is L-V-Q-A-RL.
The ICPI value of UPO216 virus is 0.00, indicating that it is Putative APMV-21
avirulent to chickens. Comparisons of the complete genome The putative APMV-21 was isolated from a migratory wild bird
sequences for the UPO216 with those of other APMV serotypes faeces sample in Cheonsu Bay of Western South Korea, during
showed 65.6, 58.3, and 58% nt identities with APMV-1, -21, an AIV surveillance in 2015. A non-AIV and non-NDV haemag-
and -9, respectively. The virus showed low cross-reactivity by glutinating viral agent was identified as a new APMV serotype,
HI test with APMV-1, and -9. Antibodies to the UPO216 virus APMV/wild bird/Cheonsu/1510/2015 (Cheonsu/1510)
was found in 4% of serum samples collected from wild ducks (Jeong et al., 2018). Based on the chronology of publications,
(Lee et al., 2017). This virus represents species AOAvV-16. this APMV serotype may be called as the putative APMV-21
(Tables 3.1 and 3.2). The complete genome of the putative
APMV-17 to APMV-19 APMV-21 strain Cheonsu/1510 is 15,408 nt, which followed
Three novel paramyxoviruses were isolated from Gentoo pen- the ‘rule of six’ and it contained six genes like that of other
guins (Pygoscelis papua) in Antarctica during 2014–2016 AIV APMV serotypes. The lengths of intergenic regions ranged
surveillance (Neira et al., 2017). The Antarctic penguin virus between 10 and 35 nt. 3′ leader and the 5′ trailer sequences
A (APV-A) (APMV-17 or AOAvV-17), Antarctic penguin were 55 and 46 nt long, respectively. The first 12 nt of the leader
virus B (APV-B) (APMV-18 or AOAvV-18), and Antarctic sequence is identical to those of APMV-9 suggesting a close
penguin virus C (APV-C) (APMV-19 or AOAvV-19) were genetic relationship. The first 12 nt of the 3′ leader and 5′ trailer
antigenically and genetically distinct from other APMV sero- sequences of strain Cheonsu/1510 are complementary. The F
types. The partial genome lengths of the APMV-17 to -19 protein cleavage site of strain Cheonsu/1510 is D-R-E-G-RL,
ranges from 14,926 to 15,071 nt (Fig. 3.3). The putative cleav- which has two basic residues as that of the lentogenic APMV-1
age site sequences of the F proteins of APV-A, -B, and -C are (Jeong et al., 2018) (Fig. 3.5). The genome sequence analy-
G-I-Q-S-RI, A-A-Q-S-RL, and R-G-Q-A-RL, respectively. sis revealed that the putative APMV-21 is closely related to
All three viruses replicated in MDBK and Vero cells. In APMV-9, -1, -16, and -12 with the nt identities of 64.3.0%,
the absence of trypsin, CPE observed in MDBK cells were 58.3%, 58.3%, and 53.3%, respectively (Jeong et al., 2018). This
cell rounding and detachment but not syncytia formation. virus may represent putative species AOAvV-21.