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50 Diseases of the Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands 535

(a) (b)
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Figure 50.1 (a) Photograph of a 15‐year‐old Pomeranian, showing severe calculus and plaque accumulation along with multiple missing
teeth. (b) Intraoral radiographs of the same patient showing severe alveolar bone loss with extension into the endodontic system as
evidenced by the formation of periapical lucencies (arrows). Copyright 2015 Alexander M. Reiter.

(a) (b)

Figure 50.2 (a) Photograph of a 2‐year‐old Abyssinian, showing severe gingivitis and gingival enlargement along with multiple missing
incisors. (b) Intraoral radiographs of the same patient showing moderate alveolar bone loss (†) and type I tooth resorption (*). Copyright
2015 Alexander M. Reiter.

disease. Miniature schnauzers and greyhounds have a juvenile periodontitis. Single amino acid variations
propensity to localized juvenile periodontitis and refrac­ because of mutation in interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐10, and
tory rapidly progressing periodontitis. lactoferrin genes may result in a change in their func­
In humans, periodontitis has been associated with tionality which could play a role in the development of
abnormal phagocytic activity as well as immunosup­ disease. However, this has yet to be confirmed in pets.
pressive states. Hypoplasia of root cementum has also Periodontal disease treatment has the goal of cleaning
been implicated as a cause specifically in human cases of and eliminating deep pockets with closed or open