Page 537 - Saunders Comprehensive Review For NCLEX-RN

Listen attentively to reminiscent stories about his or her life’s accomplishments.
Assist with making changes to living arrangements.

Box 17-2
Moral Development: Lawrence Kohlberg

Level One: Preconventional Morality
Stage 0 (Birth to 2 Years): Egocentric Judgment

The infant has no awareness of right or wrong.

Stage 1 (2 to 4 Years): Punishment-Obedience Orientation

At this stage, children cannot reason as mature members of society.
Children view the world in a selfish way, with no real understanding of right or
wrong.
The child obeys rules and demonstrates acceptable behavior to avoid
punishment and to avoid displeasing those who are in power, and because the
child fears punishment from a superior force, such as a parent.
A toddler typically is at the first substage of the preconventional stage,
involving punishment and obedience orientation, in which the toddler makes
judgments based on avoiding punishment or obtaining a reward.
Physical punishment and withholding privileges tend to give the toddler a
negative view of morals.
Withdrawing love and affection as punishment leads to feelings of guilt in the
toddler.
Appropriate discipline includes providing simple explanations of why certain
behaviors are unacceptable, praising appropriate behavior, and using
distractions when the toddler is headed for an unsafe action.

Stage 2 (4 to 7 Years): Instrumental Relativist Orientation

The child conforms to rules to obtain rewards or have favors returned.
The child’s moral standards are those of others, and the child observes them
either to avoid punishment or obtain rewards.
A preschooler is in the preconventional stage of moral development.
In this stage, conscience emerges and the emphasis is on external control.

Level Two: Conventional Morality

The child conforms to rules to please others.
The child has increased awareness of others’ feelings.
A concern for social order begins to emerge.
A child views good behavior as that which those in authority will approve.

537