Page 542 - Saunders Comprehensive Review For NCLEX-RN

expected to reason as mature members of society.

6. In stage 2 (instrumental-relativist orientation), the child
conforms to rules to obtain rewards or have favors returned.
156. A parent of a 3-year-old tells a clinic nurse that the child is rebelling
constantly and having temper tantrums. Using Erikson’s psychosocial
development theory, which instructions should the nurse provide to the
parent? Select all that apply.
1. Set limits on the child’s behavior.

2. Ignore the child when this behavior occurs.

3. Allow the behavior, because this is normal at this age period.

4. Provide a simple explanation of why the behavior is
unacceptable.

5. Punish the child every time the child says “no” to change the
behavior.

Answers

149. Answer: 4

Rationale: In the preconventional stage, morals are thought to be motivated by
punishment and reward. If the child is obedient and is not punished, then the child
is being moral. The child sees actions as good or bad. If the child’s actions are good,
the child is praised. If the child’s actions are bad, the child is punished. Options 1, 2,
and 3 are not associated factors for this stage of moral development.
Test-Taking Strategy: Eliminate options 1 and 2; they are comparable or alike
because peer pressure is the same as social pressure. To select from the remaining
options, recalling that the preconventional stage occurs between birth and 7 years
will assist in directing you to the correct option.
Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
Integrated Process: Teaching and Learning
Content Area: Developmental Stages: Toddler
Health Problem: N/A
Priority Concepts: Client Education; Development
Reference: McKinney et al. (2018), pp. 67, 70.

150. Answer: 1

Rationale: According to Erikson, the caregiver should not try to anticipate the
newborn infant’s needs at all times but must allow the newborn infant to signal
needs. If a newborn infant is not allowed to signal a need, the newborn will not learn
how to control the environment. Erikson believed that a delayed or prolonged
response to a newborn infant’s signal would inhibit the development of trust and

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