Page 545 - Saunders Comprehensive Review For NCLEX-RN
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and that a person’s ability to make moral judgments develops over a period of time.
               In stage 1, ages 2 to 3 years (punishment-obedience orientation), children cannot
               reason as mature members of society. In stage 2, ages 4 to 7 years (instrumental-
               relativist orientation), the child conforms to rules to obtain rewards or have favors
               returned.
                  Test-Taking Strategy: Read each option carefully. Recalling that the theory
               provides a framework for understanding how individuals determine a moral code to
               guide their behavior and recalling the ages associated with each stage will assist in
               answering the question. Also noting the closed-ended word “all” in option 1 and the
               word mature in option 5 will assist in eliminating these options.
                  Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
                  Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
                  Integrated Process: Teaching and Learning
                  Content Area: Developmental Stages: Infant
                  Health Problem: N/A
                  Priority Concepts: Client Education; Development
                  Reference: McKinney et al. (2018), pp. 67-68.


                   156. Answer: 1, 4


                  Rationale: According to Erikson, the child focuses on gaining some basic control
               over self and the environment and independence between ages 1 and 3 years.
               Gaining independence often means that the child has to rebel against the parents’
               wishes. Saying things like “no” or “mine” and having temper tantrums are common
               during this period of development. Being consistent and setting limits on the child’s
               behavior are necessary elements. Providing a simple explanation of why certain
               behaviors are unacceptable is an appropriate action. Options 2 and 3 do not address
               the child’s behavior. Option 5 is likely to produce a negative response during this
               normal developmental pattern.
                  Test-Taking Strategy: Options 2 and 3 can be eliminated first because they are
               comparable or alike, indicating that the mother should not address the child’s
               behavior. Next, eliminate option 5, because this action is likely to produce a negative
               response during this normal developmental pattern. Also, note the closed-ended
               word “every” in option 5.
                  Level of Cognitive Ability: Applying
                  Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance
                  Integrated Process: Teaching and Learning
                  Content Area: Developmental Stages: Toddler
                  Priority Concepts: Client Education; Development
                  Reference: Hockenberry, Wilson, Rodgers (2017), pp. 44-45.

















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