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UNIT I
PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
Four Major Aspects of Theory of Instruction
1. Predisposition to Learn
- he introduced the idea of “readiness for learning”
- he believed that any subject could be taught at any stage of development in a way
that fits the child’s cognitive abilities.
2. Structure of Knowledge
It refers to the ways in which a body of knowledge can be structured so that it can be
most readily grasped by their learner.
3. Effective Sequencing
There is no sequencing that will fit every learner, but in general, the lesson can be
presented in increasing difficulty.
4. Reinforcement
- Rewards and punishments should be selected and paced appropriately.
- Interest in the subject matter is the best stimulus for learning.
- Bruner did not like external competitive goals such as grades or class ranking.
Categorization
Bruner gave much attention to categorization of information in the construction of
internal COGNITIVE MAPS. He believed that perception, conceptualization, learning,
decision making and making inferences all involved categorization.
KINDS of CATEGORIES
1. Identity Categories – categories include objects based on their attributes or features.
2. Equivalent Categories- equivalence can be determined by affective criteria, which render
objects equivalent by emotional reactions, functional criteria, based on related function.
3. Coding Systems- categories that serve to recognize sensory input.
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