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Glossary closed question continuous (progressive) direct object first conditional hedging inseparable phrasal verb

The person or thing affected
A sentence with “if” that
Continuous tenses express
A question that can be
Words or phrases that make
A phrasal verb that is always
answered with “yes” or “no,” actions that are in progress at by the action of the verb, describes a possible future a speaker seem less certain or used with the particle,
e.g. Are you English? a specific time, e.g. I’m writing. e.g. “him” in We followed him. situation that depends on direct, e.g. apparently, I think. e.g. I take after my mother.
see also open question see also indirect object another situation, e.g. If it rains, see also separable phrasal verb
absolute adjective agreement contraction I’ll stay here. imperative
A word that describes a quality When the verb form is correct collective noun Two words that are joined with direct question An order to someone, e.g. intransitive verb
which cannot be changed or for the subject, e.g. He is = A singular noun that refers to an apostrophe to form one A question without an focus Stop! The imperative is often A verb that does not take
modified, e.g. unique. singular subject + singular verb. a group of people or things, word, e.g. we’re. introductory phrase, Part of a sentence that is a verb on its own in its a direct object.
e.g. family, team. e.g. What time is it? moved to the beginning base form. see also transitive verb
abstract noun apostrophe conversational ellipsis because it is more important.
A word that refers to a quality The punctuation mark that comparative adjective When words are left out in direct speech indefinite article introductory “it”
rather than a thing or person, shows either belonging, e.g. An adjective that compares informal conversation, e.g. The words that are actually formal The words a and an, which “It is” used at the start of
e.g. beauty, hope. John’s cat, or a contraction one thing or group of things [Do you] Want a cup of coffee? said to make a statement or Formal language is used in come before nouns when it a sentence to refer to a general
e.g. I’m happy. with another, e.g. better. question, e.g. It’s raining. situations where you don’t doesn’t matter which noun is idea, e.g. It is difficult to ski.
action verb (dynamic verb) see also superlative adjective coordinating conjunction know the people very well, being referred to, or if it is
A type of verb that describes article A word that links two clauses discourse marker or when you want to keep being mentioned for the first inversion
an action, e.g. run, and can The words a, an, and the, which complement of equal importance, e.g. and, A word or phrase that is social distance. time, e.g. Can I borrow a pen? When positions of two parts
be used in the simple show whether something is The word or phrase that comes but, or. used in conversation to see also informal see also definite article of a clause swap around,
and continuous tenses. general or specific. after verbs such as be, become, see also subordinating direct the discussion or add e.g. the subject and the verb
see also state verb see also zero article seem, appear, e.g. “happy” in conjunction comment, e.g. Well, Right. future continuous indefinite pronoun in questions.
She’s happy. A tense that is formed with will A pronoun that does not refer
active voice auxiliary verb see also linking verb countable double object verb be and the present participle. to a specific person or thing, irregular
Indicates that the person or A verb which is used with A noun that can be counted, A verb that has two objects, It expresses an action that will e.g. someone, nothing. A word that behaves differently
thing who is doing the action another verb, e.g. to form complex preposition e.g. one book, two books. e.g. “me” and “the phone” in be in progress at a point in from most words like it,
is the subject of the verb. tenses, most commonly be, do, A preposition that contains two see also uncountable Give me the phone. the future. indirect object e.g. men is an irregular plural
see also passive voice and have. or more words, e.g. next to, The person or thing that is noun. see also regular
see also main verb because of. defining relative clause dummy subject future perfect affected by the action of
adjective A clause that starts with a The word “it” used without A tense that is formed with will a transitive verb, but is not the linking verb
A word that describes a noun backchanneling compound noun relative pronoun (such as who referring to a noun, have and the past participle, direct object, e.g. “the dog” in A verb that links two parts
or pronoun, e.g. quick. The words and noises that A noun that contains two or or which). It gives information e.g. It’s five o’clock. e.g. will have done. It expresses I gave the ball to the dog. of a clause (the subject and
a listener makes to show they more words, e.g. post office. that defines something in the an action that will be complete see also direct object complement) rather than
adverb are listening, e.g. Really? main clause. -ed adjective at a point in the future. describing an action, such
A word that describes a verb, compound tense see also non-defining An adjective that describes indirect question as be, seem, become,
adjective, or another adverb, backshift A tense which uses an auxiliary relative clause how somthing is affected, future perfect continuous A question that begins with e.g. She is really angry.
e.g. quickly. In reported speech, when the verb, e.g. the present perfect: e.g. bored, excited. A tense that is formed with will a polite phrase, e.g. Can you
verb moves back one tense has done. definite article see also -ing adjective have been and the present tell me what time it is? main clause
adverb of degree into the past, e.g. present The word the, which specifies participle, e.g. will have been A clause that could form
An adverb that tells you “how simple to past simple. concrete noun which noun that follows it, ellipsis doing. It expresses an ongoing infinitive a complete sentence on its own.
much,” e.g. extremely. A noun that refers to e.g. the house in the woods. When words or phrases are left action that will be complete at The base form of a verb, often see also subordinate clause
base form (bare infinitive) something you can touch, see also indefinite article out of a clause, usually because a point in the future. with the infinitive marker “to,”
adverb of frequency The most basic form of a verb, see, hear, smell, or taste, they don’t need to be repeated, e.g. to go, to run. main verb
An adverb that tells you “how e.g. be, run, write. e.g. table, teacher. demonstrative determiner / e.g. He got up and [he] had gerund (verbal noun) The verb in a group of verbs
often,” e.g. usually. see also infinitive pronoun a shower. The -ing form of a verb, when infinitive clause that carries the meaning,
conditional Words that specify a noun as it is used as a noun, A clause whose verb is in e.g. “ride” in I can ride a bike.
adverb of manner cardinal number The verb structure used when closer to (this, these) or more emphasis e.g. No smoking. the infinitive form, e.g. It’s
An adverb that tells you “how,” The numbers used for one event or situation depends distant from (that, those) the When a word is said more important to complete the form modal verb
e.g. badly. counting, e.g. one, two. on another event or situation speaker, e.g. This watch is loudly because it is more gradable adjective in full. A type of auxiliary verb that
see also ordinal number happening first. cheaper than that one important. An adjective that can be used is used with a main verb
adverbial in the window. see also stress with adverbs of degree (such as informal to show ideas like ability
A phrase that is used as an classifying adjective conjunction very) and can be used in the Informal language is used in and permission.
adverb, e.g. on the table An adjective that describes the A word that links two words dependent preposition extreme adjective comparative form. situations where you know the
(expressing place), tomorrow type of the noun that it defines, or groups of words, e.g. and, A preposition that always An adjective that has a stronger see also non-gradable adjective people well and feel relaxed. modifier
evening (expressing time). e.g. in medical student, because, if. follows a particular verb, noun, meaning than a gradable see also formal A word that adds information
“medical” describes the or adjective, e.g. afraid of. adjective with a similar grading adverb to another word, e.g. “really”
agent type of student. consonant meaning, e.g. freezing is the An adverb of degree that can -ing adjective in really interesting.
The person or thing that does Most letters / sounds in English, determiner extreme adjective for cold. be used with gradable An adjective that describes
the action. The subject of the clause but not a, e, i, o, u. y can A word that comes before adjectives. the effect something has, negative
verb in an active clause, but A group of words that operate as a consonant or a noun and identifies it, e.g. the see also non-grading adverb e.g. boring, exciting. A clause that contains a word
not in a passive clause. contains a verb. a vowel. book, this book. see also -ed adjective like not or never.

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