Page 356 - Nidalist

Index “and” 68, 89 “because” 111, 112 complex prepositions 105 “did” “-est” suffixes 97, 99
compound nouns 73
“even though” 111
“did not” and “didn’t” 8, 60
as coordinating conjunction 110
“been”
in spoken numbers 74
“every” 67
in open questions 36
answering questions 41, 66, 80 “have been” 12, 27, 28 conceding a point 118 in questions 9, 34, 37 “-ever,” with question words 84
in future tense 21, 26
conclusion markers 117
All locators refer to unit numbers. Numbers in “any” 63, 70 in past tense 14 concrete nouns 72 direct objects 53, 55 “everyone” and “everybody” 79
bold indicate the main entry for the subject. “anyone” and “anybody” 79 in present tense 11, 12, 25 conditional sentences 29, 30, 31, 59 pronouns 77 “everything” 79
Locators with the prefix R, for example “R1,” refer “anything” 79 “before” 107 conjunctions 110, 111, 113, R1 direct speech 44 evidence, predictions with 17
to information in the reference section. “anyway” 20, 118 “being” 24 ellipsis after 89 see also reported speech exclamation marks 6
apostrophes 80 “best” 97 consonants R2 disagreeing subjects 118 expressions, comparative adjectives 95
A “appear” 119 “better” 99 continuous forms 12, 14, 50 discourse markers 117 expressions of frequency 102
in future tense 20, 21
discussions 119
approximations 76
extreme adjectives 93
“between” 106, 109
“a” 63, 64, 70 “are” and “is” 24, 71, 85 “between...and...” 107 see also past continuous; present continuous distances, with “it” 86
abilities 56, 57 “are not” and “aren’t” 2 body language 118 contractions 6, 77, R13 distancing, from statements 119 F
“-able” suffixes 115 see also “be” “both” 68 negative 2, 4 “do” and “does” 49, 80
“about” 101, 108, 109 articles 63, 64, 69, R1 “but” 110, 112 use of apostrophes in 80 “do you know” 38 fact adjectives 92
absolute adjectives 93 definite article (“the”) 97 with ellipsis 89 contrasting phrases 110, 111, 113 for substitution 91 “fairly” 93, 100
“absolutely” 100 “as... as” comparisons 76, 96 with inversions 88 conversational English see spoken English in answers 40, 41 “fast,” “faster,” and “fastest” 97
abstract nouns 72 asking questions see questions “by” coordinating conjunctions 110, 113 in questions 3, 34, 37 “feel” and “felt” 43, 50
action verbs 49, 50 “as soon as” 111 as preposition 105, 107, 108, 109 correcting subjects 118 open questions 36 feelings 52
in present tense 4, 5 “at” 106, 107, 109 “by far” 97 “could” 44, 56 question tags 39 female and male nouns 80, 92
“actually” 118 “-ate” suffixes 115 “by the way” 118 “could not” and “couldn’t” 61, 62 reported questions 47 see also “he,” “him,” and “his;” “she”
adjectives 63, 84, 92, R1 “at the moment” 19 in passive voice 24 “could you tell me” 38 in requests 6 “few” and “fewer” 75, 91
adding emphasis to 103 auxiliary verbs 1, 49, 88, R13 for past abilities 57 in short answers 41 “finally” 117
comparative 94, 95, 96 in questions 34, 37 C for permission and requests 58 see also “do not” and “don’t” “fine” and “finely” 98
gradable and non-gradable 93 in indirect questions 38 for suggestions 59 “-dom” suffixes 115 “first” 117
hedging with 119 in open questions 36 “can” 56, 57 in deductions 61 “do not” and “don’t” 2, 79 first (real) conditional 29, 30, 31
same forms as adverbs 98, 99 in question tags 39 after “nor” 110 in second conditional 29, 30 as imperatives 6 first person pronouns 77
superlative 97 in short answers 40, 41 “cannot” and “can’t” 41, 57, 61 with “wish” 33 “does not” and “doesn’t” 2, 80 focus, on parts of sentences 87
with “enough” and “too” 104 with present and past participles 51 for permission and requests 58 countable nouns 70, 75 “don’t have to” 60 “for” 107, 109
with prepositions 109, R15 see also modal verbs in first conditional 30 abstract 72 in reported speech 46 “for example” 117
with suffixes 115 avoiding repetition 89, 90, 91 in short answers 41 substitution of 91 in short answers 41 formal English
adverbials 88, R25 “awful” 93 capitalization 69 with “enough” and “not enough” 104 with “have” 80 conjunctions 112
adverbs R1 cardinal numbers 74 see also uncountable nouns double object verbs 53 “nor” 110
comparative and superlative 99 B cause and effect, adjectives for 95 dummy subject (“it”) 86 “ought to” 59
describing verbs 100 “certainly” 118 D duration, prepositions for 107 polite requests 6, 58
in phrasal verbs 55 backchanneling 120 “chance” 90 “during” 107 using inversion 30, 88
of degree 93, 100 “bad” and “badly” 98, 99 changes in meaning 52, 55, R22 dates 74, 75 “whether” 47
of frequency 102 base form (verbs) 51 addition of prefixes and suffixes 114, 115 decade phrases 80 E “whom” 35, 81, 82
of manner 98 in questions 34 addition of defining relative clauses 81 decimals 74 formal organizing phrases 117
of time 101 with modal verbs 56 auxiliary verbs with main verbs 49 decisions “each” 67, 78 fractions 74
same forms as adjectives 98, 99 with “can” and “cannot” 57 degrees, of adverbs and adjectives 100, 104 with “going to” 17 “-ed” suffixes 7, 11, 51 frequencies, questions about 35
with “enough” and “too” 104 with “might” 62 question words with “-ever” 84 with “will” 18 adjectives with 92 frequency, adverbs of 102
see also gradable adjectives with “did” and “did not” 8, 9 use of prepositions 106, 109 deductions 56, 61 “either” 68, 110 “friendly” and “friendlier” 94
advice 56, 59 with “going to” 17 changes to subject 118, 120 defining relative clauses 63, 81 elision see contractions “from... to...” 107
“afford” 90 with “should” 59 classifying adjectives 93 see also non-defining relative clauses ellipsis 89, 110, R3 “-ful” suffixes 115
“afraid” 90, 118 with “used to” 15 closed questions 38, 41, 42, 47 definite article (“the”) 63, 64, 97 emphasis 59, 78 future 19, 23, 33, R10
“after” 105, 107, 117 see also infinitives (verbs) collective nouns 71 degrees, of adverbs and adjectives 100, 104 imperatives 6 near, with “about to” 101
“afternoon” and “morning” 107 “be” collocations, reflexive 78 demonstrative determiners 65 in formal organizing phrases 117 obligations 60
age, adjectives for 92 adjectives after 92 colors, adjectives for 92 “that” 86, 87, R13 inversion of words 88 possibilities 32, 62
agents, of sentences 24, 25 contractions of R13 comma use “that” as relative pronoun 81 “no” and nouns 66 with “yet” 101
agreement in future tense 20, 26, 85 in numbers 74 “that” in passive voice 28 shifting focus 87 future continuous 20, 23
noun-verb 68 in passive voice 24, 26, 27, 28 in sentences 29, 31, 82 “that” with “so” and “such” 103 through repetition 95 future in the past 22, 23
subject-verb 71 in past tense 7, 8, 9 with coordinating conjunctions 110 “these” and “those” 44 with conjunctions 112 future, passive voice in 26
“all” 77, 82 in present tense 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11 common nouns 69 “this” 43, 45 with “far” and “much” 104 future perfect 21, 23, R11
“almost” 76, 96 in questions 4, 34, 39 common prefixes 114 dependent prepositions 109 with “little” 75 passive 26
“a lot” 75, 94 open questions 36 common suffixes 115 describing words see adjectives with “so” and “such” 103 future simple 23, 26
alphabet R2 short questions 40 comparative adjectives 94, 95, 103 desires (“wish”) 33 see also stress future with “going to” 17, 23
“already” 101 in short answers 41 comparative adverbs 99 determiners R1 empty subject (“it”) 86 future with “will” 18, 23
“although” 111 with personal pronouns 77 comparisons 94, 95, 96 “each” and “every” 67 “-en” suffixes 115 in first conditional 29
“always” 102 with shortened infinitives 90 in arguments 119 “no” 41, 47, 66 “-ence” suffixes 115 in reported speech 44
“am” 24 with “used to” 116 with conjunctions 112 possessive 80 “enough” 75, 104 phrasal verbs in 55
see also “be” “beautiful” 94 complements 90 “whichever” and “whatever” as 84 “entirely” 100 with “there” 85
“an” 63, 64, 70 “completely” 100 with “either,” “neither,” and “both” 68 “-er” suffixes 94, 99, 115 future with “shall” 18
“-ance” suffixes 115 “-es” suffixes 1, 5, 69 future with “will be able to” 57
354 355

354-360_Index.indd 354 26/07/2016 10:02 354-360_Index.indd 355 26/07/2016 10:02