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dependent clause: a clause that cannot stand alone as a gerund phrase: an -ing verb form + an object or a
sentence. It must be used with a main clause. prepositional phrase. It can be the subject of a sentence, or
➢ I went for a walk before I ate breakfast. the object of a verb or preposition.
➢ Swimming in the ocean is fun.
direct object: a noun or pronoun that receives the action of ➢ I love eating chocolate.
the verb. ➢ We are thinking about watching the new TV show.
➢ Aldo asked a question.
➢ Karen helped me. helping verb: (see auxiliary verb.)

direct quote: a statement of a speaker’s exact words using if clause: a clause that begins with if and expresses a
quotation marks. condition.
➢ Our teacher said, “Do exercises 5 and 6 for homework.” ➢ If you drive too fast, you will get a ticket.

exclamation point: a punctuation mark that shows imperative: a sentence that gives an instruction or
emotion (anger, surprise, excitement, etc.) or emphasis. command.
➢ We won the game! ➢ Turn left at the light.
➢ Look! It’s snowing! ➢ Don’t use the elevator.

formal: describes language used in academic writing or indefinite article: the words a and an. They are used before
speaking, or in polite or official situations rather than in singular count nouns that are not specific.
everyday speech or writing. ➢ We have a test today.
➢ Please do not take photographs inside the museum. ➢ She’s an engineer.
➢ May I leave early today?
indefinite pronoun: a pronoun that refers to people
frequency adverb: an adverb that tells how often or things that are not specific or not known. Someone,
something happens. Some common adverbs of frequency something, everyone, everything, no one, nothing, and
are never, rarely, sometimes, often, usually, and always. nowhere are common indefinite pronouns.
➢ I always drink coffee in the morning. ➢ Everyone is here today.
➢ He usually leaves work at six. ➢ No one is absent.
➢ Would you like something to eat?
frequency expression: an expression that tells how often
something happens. independent clause: a clause that can stand alone as a
➢ We go to the grocery store every Saturday. complete sentence. It has a subject and a verb.
➢ He plays tennis twice a week. ➢ I went for a walk before breakfast.

future: a form of a verb that expresses an action or situation infinitive: to + the base form of a verb.
that has not happened yet. Will, be going to, the present ➢ He wants to see the new movie.
progressive, and the simple present are used to express
the future. infinitive of purpose: to + the base form of the verb to
➢ I will call you later. express purpose or to answer the question with why. (also in
➢ We’re going to the movies tomorrow. order to)
➢ I’m taking French next semester. ➢ Scientists studied the water in order to learn about the
disease.
➢ The show starts after dinner.
➢ We went to the store to buy milk.
future conditional: expresses something we believe will
happen in the future based on certain conditions; the informal: language that is used in casual, everyday
if-clause + simple present gives the condition, and will or be conversation and writing.
going to + the base form of the verb gives the result. ➢ Who are you talking to?
I
➢ f you don’t go to practice, the coach will not let you play ➢ We’ll be there at eight.
in the game.
information question: (see Wh- question.)
gerund: an -ing verb form that is used as a noun. It can be the
subject of a sentence or the object of a verb or preposition. inseparable phrasal verb: a phrasal verb that cannot have
See page A5 for lists of common verbs followed by gerunds. a noun or a pronoun object between its two parts (verb +
➢ Surfing is a popular sport. particle). The verb and the particle always stay together.
I ran into a friend in the library.
➢ We enjoy swimming. ➢ Do you and your coworkers get along?
➢ The boy is interested in running. ➢

G2 GLOssARY OF GRAMMAR TeRMs
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