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Consonants -er ending, 208 go, 266
adjectives ending in spelling rules for , A3 good/well, 167
consonants + -y, 208 -es/-s ending. See -s/-es ending
with superlative adjective ending, 222 -est ending, 222 H
Contractions spelling rules for, A3 has not/hasn’t, 124
in conversation and informal even though, 245 has to, 355
writing, 180 Events have, 124
in present perfect, 124 first and then to show, 291 have got to, 352, 355
in present progressive, 14 interrupted, 41 have not/haven’t, 124
in simple past, 28 in sequence, 42 have to, 352, 355
when to use, 6 ever, 8, 127 Helping verbs. See Auxiliary verbs
Contrast, adverb clauses to show, 245 Expectations, 362 how long, 148
Conversation. See Informal speech how often, 7
Conversion charts, A10–A11 F
weight, A11 feel, 18 I
could/couldn’t, 322, 332, 333 Filler language, 449 if clauses, 252, 437
could/may/might, 332, 338 first, to show sequence, 291 if/when, 253
could you, 339, 340 for I’ll, 180
Count nouns with direct and indirect objects, 375, in
a/an with, 84, 105 377 terms for place with, 99
a few with, 76 with infinitives, 283 terms for time with, 98
explanation of, 70 with length of action, 98 Indefinite articles, 105
many/a lot of with, 76 with present perfect, 132, 139 Indefinite pronouns, 311
quantity nouns with, 76 with present perfect Independent clauses
some with, 76, 105 progressive, 146 commas before conjunctions in, 231,
the with, 105 Formal language 236
adverbs in, 168 comma splices and, 261
D asking for permission in, 338 Indirect objects, 375, 377
Definite article, 105 be able to in, 328 Infinitives
definitely, 180 must in, 352 for with, 282, 283
Degree, adverbs of, 168 object relative clauses in, 310 enough with, 283
Dependent clauses, 244 requests in, 338, 340 explanation of, 273
Descriptive adjectives whom in, 29 of purpose, 281
explanation of, 160 Frequency adverbs, 8 too with, 282
use of, 162 from, with to or until, 98 use of, 290
word order of, 162 Future verbs plus object with, 274
didn’t have to, 354 be going to in, 182, 189 verbs with, 273, 275, 6
Direction, prepositions of, 99, 100 with present progressive, 189 Informal speech
Direct objects questions in, 399 can in, 327
explanation of, 374 will in, 180 comparisons in, 210, 215
as pronouns, 386 Future conditional, 252 contractions ‘ll and won’t in, 180
with to/for, 375, 377 Future time clauses, 195 filler words in, 449
transitive verbs and placement of, gonna in, 182
374, 375, 385, 386 G have got to in, 352
Direct speech. See Quoted speech Gender neutral language, 203 omission of that in, 428, 446
do/does, 7 Generalizations, 106 phrasal verbs in, 388
does/doesn’t, 6 Geographic names, 112 present perfect used to begin, 138
do + have to, 352 Gerund phrases, 266, 267 relative pronouns in, 299
do not/don’t, 6 Gerunds -ing ending
don’t have to/doesn’t have to, 354 as object of preposition, 267 gerunds with, 266
as subjects and objects, 266 present participles with, 416
E go with, 266 spelling rules for verbs with, A1
-ed ending, 28, A2 as object of preposition, 267 verbs in past progressive with, 15
spelling rules for, A2 as subjects and objects, 266 verbs in present perfect progressive
either, 237 use of, 266, 267, 290 with, 146
enough, with infinitives, 283 verbs followed by, 266, 275, A5, A6 verbs in present progressive with, 15

INDEX I2
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