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Past time clauses. See also Time clauses time clauses in, 133 Q
commas with, 133 when to use, 124, 138, 139 Questions. See also wh- questions;
in present perfect, 133, 138, 139 writing sentences with, 125 yes/no questions
use of, 56 Present perfect progressive asking for permission, 338
when in, 41, 42 present perfect vs., 147 can/could in, 322
while in, 41 when to use, 146 have to in, 352
Permission, could/can/may for, 338 who or what in questions to make requests, 339
Phrasal verbs in, 147 noun clauses in, 436
intransitive, 385, A9 wh- questions in, 147 passive voice in, 406, 408
transitive, 385, 386, A7–A8 yes/no questions in, 147 present perfect in, 126
use of, 384, 388, 392 Present progressive present perfect progressive
Place, prepositions of, 99, affirmative statements in, 14 in, 147, 148
100, 118 to describe activities present progressive in, 15
Place names, 112, 113 in present time, 14 requesting permissions, 338
Plural nouns feel in, 18 should in, 361
articles with, 105 future plans in, 189, 194 simple past in, 29
possessive form of, 63 -ing for verbs in, 15 simple present in, 7
spelling rules for regular and negative statements in, 14 used to in, 49
irregular, 62 non-action verbs with, 16 when and what time
the other with, 64 short answers in, 15 in, 188
Possession, relative clauses with whose simple present vs., 14 when in, 7
to show, 311 when to use, 14 will in, 180, 399
Possessive adjectives wh- questions in, 15 Quotation marks
explanation of, 91 yes/no questions in, 15 for quoted speech, 444
in reported speech, 446 probably, 185 for titles of works, 347
in superlative comparisons, 223 Progressive. See Past progressive; Quoted speech
Possessive nouns, 63, 210 Present progressive adding impact with, 457
Possessive pronouns, 91, 210 Prohibition, 354 punctuation of, 444
Possibility, modals to express, 332, 333, Pronouns reported speech vs., 446
346 direct objects as, 386 use of, 456
Predictions non-count nouns with, 70
probably and definitely with, 180 object, 90 R
will or be going to for, 194, 202 possessive, 91, 210
Prepositional phrases, 374 reflexive, 91 recently, 127
Prepositions relative, 296, 310 Reflexive pronouns, 92
common phrases with, 99 relative clauses to describe, 296 Regular verbs, 28
of direction, 99, 100 in reported speech, 446 Relative clauses
gerunds as object of, 267, A5 subject, 90 to describe nouns, 296, 316
indirect objects with, 377 Pronunciation explanation of, 296
object relative clauses with, 310 of to, 277 object, 303, 304, 310
objects of, 90, 91, 310 of can or can’t, 323 subject, 296, 297
past participial adjectives of could you or would you, 340 whose with, 311
with, 415 of have to, has to, and have got to, Relative pronouns
of place, 99, 100, 118 355 conversational use of, 299
superlatives with, 223 of nouns ending in -s or -es, 65 as object of preposition, 310
of time, 98 symbols for, A10 in relative clauses, 296, 303
use of, 99 of that, 298 Reported speech
Present, simple. See Simple present of that, 428 explanation of, 446
Present participial adjectives, 416 of use to/used to, 49 omission of filler language
Present participles, 416 Proper nouns, capital letters for, 23 in, 449
Present perfect Punctuation use of, 456
for with, 132, 139 apostrophes, 63 verbs in, 447
adverbs with, 127 commas, 41, 133, 155, 162, 231, 236, Reporting verbs, 447
contractions in, 124 244, 245, 252, 261 Requests, 338–340
for indefinite or definite past time, periods, 444 Run-on sentences, 231
138 question marks, 444
present perfect progressive vs., 147 quotation marks, 347, 444 S
since with, 132, 133, 139 of quoted speech, 444 Schedules, 188
statements in, 124 Purpose, infinitives of, 281 Sentence fragments, 57

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