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CREDITS (cont’d)

13: ©uniquely india/Getty Images; 17 left: ©Scott Heppell/AP Images, right: ©Robin Smith/Getty Images; 19: ©Walter Zerla/Cultura Travel/
Getty Images; 20: ©Fernando Vergara/AP Images; 21: ©Fernando Bustamante/AP Images; 22: ©AFP/Getty Images; 24–25: ©Panoramic Images/
National Geographic Creative; 26–27: ©Mark C. Ross/National Geographic Creative; 27: ©Bill Hatcher/National Geographic Creative; 27 top:
©Doug Allan/Getty Images, bottom: ©Biosphoto/SuperStock; 32: ©iStockphoto/Thinkstock; 33: ©GILLARDI Jacques/Getty Images; 34: ©Pete
McBride/National Geographic Creative; 38: ©Dr. K. David Harrison/Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Language; 39 top: ©Jim Webb/
National Geographic Creative, bottom: © StockShot/Alamy; 40: ©Mikey Schafer/National Geographic Creative; 44: ©Royal Geographical
Society (with IBG); 45: ©pkchai /Shutterstock; 46: ©CM Dixon/Glow Images; 47: ©Art Media/Glow Images; 51: ©Kazuhiko Sano/National
Geographic Creative; 54: ©Ajit Solanki/AP Images; 55 top left: ©TexPhoto/iStockphoto, top right: ©Reinhold Leitner/Shutterstock, bottom
left: ©Pieter De Pauw/fotolia, bottom right: ©iStockphoto/Thinkstock; 56: ©Charlie Edward/Shutterstock; 58–59: ©Keren Su/Getty Images;
60–61: © Chris Johns/National Geographic Creative; 67: ©Michael Christopher Brown/National Geographic Creative; 68 left: ©Nikki Bidgood/
Getty Images, middle: ©Rogerio Assis/SambaPhoto/Getty Images, left: ©picture alliance/Frank May/Newscom; 69: ©AFP/Getty Images; 73:
©rachel dewis/iStockphoto; 74–75: ©Peter Powell/EPA/Newscom; 79: ©Simon Woodcock/Alamy; 82: ©suttisukmek/iStockphoto; 83:
©GlobalStock/iStockphoto; 84: ©Russell Sadur/Getty Images; 86–87: ©Justin Guariglia/National Geographic Creative; 88: ©David Bank/Getty
Images; 89: © Rafael Ben–Ari/Chameleons Eye/Newscom; 95: ©Lledo/Shutterstock; 96–97: © Wes C. Skiles/National Geographic Creative; 96
top: ©International Mapping Inc/National Geographic Creative, bottom: ©Brian J. Skerry/National Geographic Creative; 101: ©Catherine de
Medici Jaffee; 103, 104: ©Michael Christopher Brown/National Geographic Creative; 108: ©Jeff Barnard/AP Images; 109 top: ©Helmut Corneli/
imageBROKER/age fotostock, bottom: ©Robert Clarke/Alamy; 110: ©AHPix/shutterstock; 111: ©John A. Anderson/Shutterstock; 114: ©Alison
Wright/National Geographic Creative; 116: ©joyt/iStockphoto; 117: ©Philippe Michel/Thinkstock; 118: ©Franco Banfi/Getty Images; 120–121:
©Colin Monteath/Hedgehog House/Getty Images; 122–123: ©imagebroker/Alamy; 122 both: ©NASA; 128: ©Nobert Rosing/National
Geographic Creative; 130: © AFP/Getty Images; 131: ©Horizons WWP/Alamy; 136: “Dracula,” from the series The Composites. Courtesy of the
artist; 137: ©Moviepix/Getty Images; 140: ©Craig Hudson/Getty Images; 141: ©Bloomberg via Getty Images; 143: ©Charles Sturge/Alamy;
144: © Kristjan Fridriksson/Glow Images; 145: ©Danita Delimont/Alamy; 150: ©Emma Wood/Alamy; 152: ©Martin Barraud/Getty Images; 154:
©Butterfly Hunter/Shutterstock; 156–157: ©Stephen Alvarez/National Geographic Creative; 158: ©Gerard Lacz/age fotostock; 159: ©ARCO/W
Layer/age fotostock; 163: ©Praisaeng/Shutterstock; 165: Photo: University of Waikato; 166: © Fran Lanting/National Geographic Creative; 170:
©sergio pitamitz/Marka/ SuperStock; 172: ©NBCU Photo Bank via Getty Images; 173: ©FLPA/David Tipling/age fotostock; 174: ©Mark Bowler/
Alamy; 176–177: ©Rex Features via AP Images; 178–179: ©Maria Starovoytova/Shutterstock; 178: ©Mark Greenberg/AFP/Getty Images/
Newscom; 181: ©NASA; 186: ©Blend Images/ SuperStock; 187: ©MixAll Studio/Getty Images; 192–193: ©David Doubilet/National Geographic
Creative; 198: ©Sylvain Cordier/Getty Images; 200: ©Beverly Joubert/National Geographic Creative; 202: ©Christian Science Monitor/Getty
Images; 204–205: ©Pete Ryan/National Geographic Creative; 206: ©ULTRA.F/Getty Images; 207: ©PhotoStock–Israel/age fotostock; 203:
©Robert Landau/Alamy; 214: ©SuperStock; 218: Photo courtesy of Pirate Play Ships, LLC; 220, 221: ©AFP/Getty Images; 225: Courtesy
of Camerons Camel Campaign; 230: ©Kennan Harvey/Getty Images; 232–233: ©Joel Sartore/National Geographic Creative; 234: ©Werner
Lang/imagebroker/Newscom; 235: ©Helmut Hess/imagebroker/age fotostock; 240: ©Nelson Sirlin/Shutterstock; 241: © B Christopher/Alamy;
242: ©Martin Rietze/age fotostock; 243: ©imagebroker/Alamy; 248: ©Galyna Andrushko/Shutterstock; 250–251: ©Watt Jim/Getty Images;
256: ©Steve Winter/National Geographic Creative; 259: ©Mike Theiss/National Geographic Creative; 260: ©AFP/Getty Images; 262–263: ©Peter
Essick/Getty Images; 264–265: ©Jason deCaires Taylor; 271: ©Red Bull Stratos/ZUMA Press/Newscom; 272: ©Marco Grob/National Geographic
Creative; 276: ©LehaKoK/Shutterestock; 278: ©Cavan Images/Getty Images; 279 top: ©Mark Thiessen/National Geographic Creative; bottom:
©Norbert Probst/imagebroker/SuperStock; 280: ©NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio/National Geographic Creative; 286: ©Harish
Tyagi/EPA/Newscom; 287: ©David Stoecklein/age fotostock; 288: ©Marco Grob/National Geographic Creative; 289: ©Ace Kvale/Aurora Open/
Superstock; 290: ©Juanmonino/Getty Images; 292–293: ©LEMAIRE Stéphane/Getty Images; 295: ©Richard Nowitz/National Geographic
Creative; 299: © Juan Soliz/PacificCoastNews.com; 301: ©Anthony C. LoBaido; 302: ©Karen Kasmauski/National Geographic Creative; 305 left:
©Alan Tobey/Getty Images, right: ©Alex Treadway/National Geographic Creative; 306: ©Tim Laman/National Geographic Creative; 307:
©LaserLens/iStockphoto; 308–309: ©Seb Rogers/Alamy; 313: ©Hervey Garret/National Geographic Creative; 314: ©Guido Bissattini/
Shutterstock; 315: ©1001nights/iStockphoto; 316: ©Fotosearch/Getty Images; 318–319: ©John Warburton Lee/Superstock; 320–321: ©Lior
Mizrahi/Getty Images; 323: ©Gamma–Rapho via Getty Images; 327: Courtesy of Yong Ho Ji; 328: ©Robert Harding Picture Library Ltd/Alamy;
330: ©Christian Kapteyn/Alamy; 331: ©Hamza Djenat; 332: ©Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images; 335: ©CulturalEyes—AusGS2/Alamy;
336–337: ©JTB Photo/Glow Images; 341: ©Blend Images/Getty Images; 342: ©Granamour Weems Collection/Alamy; 344: ©Inger Hogstrom/
Danita Delimont Photography/Newscom; 346: ©Moviestore collection/Alamy; 348–349: ©Pete McBride/National Geographic Creative;
350: ©Atsushi Tomura /Getty Images; 351: ©Xinhua/Landov; 353 both: ©Xpacifica/National Geographic Creative; 357: ©Ladi Kirn/Alamy;
358: ©Bill Becher/ZUMAPRESS/Newscom; 359: ©Rex Features via AP Images; 360: Graham M. Lawrence/Alamy; 364: © Frans Lemmens/
SuperStock; 367: ©NotarYES/Shutterstock; 368: ©Mark Thiessen/National Geographic Creative; 370–371: © Bruce Dale/National Geographic
Creative; 372–373: ©JG Photography/Alamy; 372 top: © AFP/Getty Images; 375: © John W Banagan/Getty Images; 376 top: © Hulton Archive/
Getty Images, bottom left: © Boyan Dimitrov/Shutterstock, bottom right: © Jean-Paul Barbier; 379: ©AMAZON/UPI /Landov; 380 left to right:
© Hulton Archive/Getty Images, ©UIG via Getty Images, ©Sebastien Bergeron/Getty Images, ©North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy;
381 left: ©North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy, right: ©AFP/Getty Images; 382–383 background: ©Hyena Reality/Shutterstock; 382–383 all
others: ©Tan Le/National Geographic Creative; 384: ©Tan Le/National Geographic Creative; 390: ©Andrzej Mirecki; 391: ©David Stock/Alamy;
392 left: © Lana K/Shutterstock, right: ©mishooo/iStockphoto; 394–395: © Jim Richardson/National Geographic Creative; 396 both: ©
Kenneth Garrett/National Geographic Creative; 399: ©Jacques Alexandre/age fotostock; 400: © Michael Melford/National Geographic Creative;
402: © Martin Gray/National Geographic Creative; 403: ©Image Farm Inc./Alamy; 404–405: Original Artwork by John Batchelor. Courtesy of
Odyssey Marine Exploration; 407: ©St Petersburg Times/ZUMAPRESS/Newscom; 411: ©Christian Goupi/age fotostock; 412: ©De Agostini/Getty
Images; 413: © Oligo/Shutterstock; 414: © Romaoslo/iStockphoto; 416: ©pzAxe/Alamy; 417: ©Heritage Images/Glow Images; 419: ©Denver Post
via Getty Images; 420: ©Chris Cheadle/All Canada Photos/SuperStock; 422: ©Gamma/Glow Images; 424–425: ©NASA; 426, 427: Photo:
Christoph Gerigk; ©Franck Goddio/Hilti Foundation; 431: ©JTB Photo/age fotostock; 432–433: © Ben Robson Hull Photography/Getty Images;
434–435: ©DeAgostini/Getty Images; 343: ©AFP/Newscom; 439: ©Michael Melford/National Geographic Creative; 442 top: Photo by Universal
History Archive/UIG/Getty Images, bottom: ©NASA/National Geographic Creative; 443: ©NASA/National Geographic Creative; 445, 446:
©NASA; 449: Photo by Ricky Carioti/The Washington Post via Getty Images; 450: ©NASA; 451: ©JPL–Caltech/NASA; 453: ©Rex Features via AP
Images; 455 top: ©International Mapping Inc./National Geographic Creative, bottom: ©Volkmar K. Wentzel/National Geographic Creative;
456: ©R. Gino Santa Maria/Shutterstock.
MAP

4, 9, 11, 26, 33, 38, 43, 46, 74, 82, 88, 94, 95, 103, 122, 144, 152, 158, 165, 220, 242, 264, 294, 301, 308, 330, 396, 404, 413,
426, 431, 432, 437, 439,440: National Geographic Maps
ILLUSTRATION
22, 23, 199: Cenveo Publisher Services

C1 cRediTs
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