Page 131 - Physiology and Pathophysiology MNU 2024-2025 نظرى

Clinical pharmacy 2024/2025 Level 2 Pharm D Physiology and Pathophysiology (MD303)
Cardiovascular system

1- Definition 2- composed of

system of closed tube through which blood  Circulatory system. يرودلا زاهلجا  Lymphatic system. يوافميللا زاهلجا
circulates. (Heart + Blood + Blood vessels) Lymph "Colorless" + Lymph node) ➔ retain Xss fluid to heart

3- Function
1- Carry O2 " in RBCS" & essential nutrients to the cells for metabolism.
1. Transportation
2- Carry metabolic waste products "CO2 ", other from cell.

1. Delivers regulatory hormones from endocrine glands to their target tissues. [Insulin]
2. Regulation 2. Regulates   Arterial blood pressure.  Body temperature.  Blood clotting.  Immune response "function"
(WBCS)

4- Component

Heart * Two-sided pump  Pump (contract) to generate the pressure needed to push the blood through vessels.
* Each side of the heart has two chambers  [Right side full of unoxygenated blood, left side full of oxygenated blood]
➔ Upper (Atrium نيذأ) & lower (Ventricle ينطب) connected by  Atrioventricular (AV) valve

Blood Definition Types

vessels * Tubes through which blood moves from the heart to tissues and back to the heart. Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules & Veins.
Blood * Body fluid that is composed of blood cells suspended in plasma.

* It includes   RBCs = Erythrocytes.  WBCs = Leukocytes.  Platelets = Thrombocytes. ةيومد حئافص
5. Heart Valves (four)

All Valves are Tricuspid except Mitral Valves is Bicuspid
Valves ➔ composed of sheets of connective tissue (leaflets) act like flaps. ب رجشلا ةقرو يز ةجاح ➔ open & close passively because of pressure differences.

Atrioventricular (AV) valves Semilunar (SL) valves ةيللاهلا
Separate the atria from the ventricles. * Separate the ventricles from major arteries (aorta & pulmonary).
* One-way valves allow blood to flow only in one direction * One-way tricuspid valves that open during ventricular contraction. يثلاث
(From atrium  ventricle).
(From ventricular to the artery)

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