Page 182 - Physiology and Pathophysiology MNU 2024-2025 نظرى

Clinical pharmacy 2024/2025 Level 2 Pharm D Physiology and Pathophysiology (MD303)

Cardiovascular diseases

1) Hypertension = HT

Definition A Systolic pressure > 140 mmHg and/or A Diastolic pressure > 80-90 mmHg.

Primary (Essential) HT Secondary HT
Is the result of complex & poorly understood processes Is a result of known disease
➢ Sustained high stress (Acting via the sympathetic nervous 1. Kidney diseases  Cause HT because of high blood volume.
Type
system) & 2. Reduction of renal blood flow  ↑ blood pressure by stimulating
➢ high salt intake appears to contribute in the development rennin secretion.
of HT.

Dangers 1. Vascular damage. ➔ [patient asymptomatic until vascular damage has occurred] So, HT is often referred to as (a silent killer).
of HT 2. High arterial pressure   The after load  Make if more difficult for the ventricles to eject blood ➔ work harder ➔ Congestive
(Silent heart failure.
Killer) 3. damage cerebral blood vessels  Stroke. 4. Damage of coronary  Atherosclerosis  heart disease & Stroke.

2) Atherosclerosis

Disease  Localized plaques (Atheromas) ➔ deposited on the lumen of the artery  Make the artery stiffer & more resistant to blood
flow.

Complication  Atheromas also act as   Sites for blood clot formation    Blood supply to an organ. ➔ may block heart ➔ Angina ➔
هدعب يللا

• Deposition on blood vessels of brain ➔ stroke
Causes [factor] a result of  Damage to the endothelium produced by 1- Smoking. 2- HT 3-  Blood Cholesterol. 4- Diabetes.

How cholesterol cause atherosclerosis:

 Accumulation of bad cholesterol on blood vessels especially endothelium ➔ WBCs phagocyte it ➔ phagocytosis ➔ enlargement ➔ damage
to blood vessels

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