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wiped out by Black-backed Jackals (Canis mesomelas) on
two consecutive nights (M Boorman in litt.).
From 1977–2012, on eight counts at Mile 4 Saltworks
a mean (± SD) of 2 (± 1) Caspian Terns were present, the
maximum being 8 (Simmons 2015).

Damara Tern
Year No. of pairs
1977 a √
2007/08 a 10–20
2008/09 a 10–20
2009/10 a 10–20

a Braby (2011)
Note: In 2021, the Damara Tern colony was still extant,
numbering c. 10 pairs, but was at threat from escalating
human activities (M Boorman, in litt.). Some breeding colonies of Cape Cormorant at guano platforms
at Mile 4 Saltworks, 2014 (photo Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
Resources, Namibia)
References
Berry HH. 1976. Physiological and behavioural ecology of the Crawford RJM, Dyer BM, Kemper J, Simmons RE, Upfold L.
Cape Cormorant Phalacrocorax capensis. Madoqua 9: 5–55. 2007. Trends in numbers of Cape Cormorants (Phalacrocorax
Braby J. 2011. The biology and conservation of the Damara Tern in capensis) over a 50-year period,1956–57 to 2006–07.
Namibia. PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Emu 107: 253–261.
233 pp. Dyer BM. 2007. Report on top-predator survey of southern Angola
Brooke RK, Cooper J, Shelton PA, Crawford RJM. 1982. Taxonomy, including Ilha dos Tigres, 20–29 November 2005. In:
distribution, population size, breeding and conservation of Kirkman SP (ed.), Final Report of the BCLME (Benguela
the White-breasted Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo, on the Current Large Marine Ecosystem) Project on Top Predators
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BCLME. Avian Demography Unit, Cape Town, pp. 303–306.
Africa. Cormorant 5: 15–16.
Cooper J. 1981. Biology of the Bank Cormorant, part 1: distribution, Simmons RE, Boix-Hazen C, Barnes KN, Jarvis AM, Robertson A.
population size, movements and conservation. Ostrich 52: 1998. Important bird areas of Namibia. In: Barnes K (ed.)
208–215. The Important Bird Areas of Southern Africa, BirdLife South
Cooper J, Brooke RK, Shelton PA, Crawford RJM. 1982. Africa, Johannesburg, 295–332.
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Cormorant Phalacrocorax capensis. Fisheries Bulletin South balaenarum (Sterna balaenarum). In: Simmons RE, Brown
Africa 16: 121–143. CJ, Kemper J (eds.). Birds to watch in Namibia: red, rare and
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1992. Distribution, population size and conservation of the Namibia Nature Foundation, Windhoek, pp. 91–95.
Caspian Tern Sterna caspia in southern Africa. Ostrich 63: Tom DB, Crawford RJM, Makhado AB. 2024. Harvests of seabird
58–67. guano in the Benguela upwelling ecosystem. This volume.
Cooper J, Crawford RJM, Suter W, Williams AJ. 1990. Williams AJ. 1987. New seabird breeding localities, and an
Distribution, population size and conservation of the Swift extension of Bank Cormorant range, along the Namib coast
Tern Sterna bergii in southern Africa. Ostrich 61:56–65. of southern Africa. Cormorant 15: 98–102.
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Greater and Lesser Flamingos at a pan at Mile 4 Saltworks, 2007 (photo RJM Crawford)

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