Page 156 - Inovacije i izazovi u obrazovanju i sestrinskoj skrbi - KNJIGA SAŽETAKA

INOVACIJE I IZAZOVI U OBRAZOVANJU I SESTRINSKOJ SKRBI - KNJIGA SAŽETAKA

Evolutionary Progress of Carved Stone to High Fidelity

Simulator

The concept of simulation has been part of nursing education programs for over a century.
Today's sophisticated and technologically advanced equipment such as models that speak, blink
or simulate childbirth are the consequences of centuries of development of equipment for
training skills based on simulations of real situations.
The first stone carvings of the human form have been discovered throughout Eurasia, dating
back to 24,000–22,000 BC. In 1900-1600 BC, clay livers were discovered in Babylonia and
were believed to be used to determine the outcome of a disease. Surgical simulators that could
bleed, drain fluid, and were made of materials that mimic human bodies were used more than
2,500 years ago. Small nude female ivory dolls were found in China in the seventeenth century.
The oldest written evidence of simulation in health education was the Sushruta Samhita, which
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documented how to develop and use simulators for surgical skills. In Europe from the 16th-18t
century, wax figures or wax parts of the body were used to teach anatomy because the Catholic
Church did not allow autopsies of human bodies.
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The first doctoral thesis on simulation was written in the 18 century by Georg Heinrich von
Langsdorff entitled A Brief Account of Similitudes or Devices for Practicing Obstetric Skills,
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Also Called Phantoms. In the middle of the 18 century, the surgeon Galli designed a glass
womb with a fetus to train midwives during childbirth.
Martha Jenks Chase is responsible for the development of the model in nursing. In 1911, she
made a doll for training nurses in dressing, turning, giving medicine and moving patients. Later,
the US military also used mannequins to teach paramedics how to care for patients. Around
1960, the Norwegian toy manufacturer Åsmund Sigurd Lærdal made the Resusci Anne, also
known as Rescue Anne, Resusci Annie, CPR Annie, Resuscitation Annie, Little Annie or simply
the CPR doll, a simulator model used to teach resuscitation. At that time, the SimOne simulator
was also developed, a manikin that could breathe, had a heartbeat, pulse, blood pressure, mouth
movements, blinks and reaction to drugs. Then the Harvey simulator was developed, which
simulates a cardiology patient. After that, in the eighties of the last century, high fidelity
simulators were developed, i.e. the so-called high fidelity patient simulator. Doctor Gaba
developed the Anesthesia Simulation (CASE) and Good and Gravenstein developed the
Gainesville Anesthesia Simulator (GAS). These simulators were the basis for the development
of today's simulators that are used in the education of nurses and other health care workers.

Key words: nurses, surgery, anesthesia

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