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in an unreal situation. was young.
Could you help me now?
She could be at home now.
3. Modal Perfect
a. Function
Used to talk about unreal situations in the past that did not happen,
often expressing regret, criticism, or hypothetical outcomes.
b. Form
Subject + Modal Verb + have + V3
c. Common Modals
Modal Verb Meaning or Function Example
Would Expresses a result that did not happen in I had studied, I would have
the past. passed the exam.
Should Expresses regret or criticism about a past
action (what was right to do but wasn’t
done)

D. Example of Modals Verb
Kinds of Modals Modals Verb Example

Must have + V3 Anto passed the exam. He must have studied.
Might have + V3 Anto might have been sick.
Should have + V3 Anto should have studied.
(Expressing regret, He did not study.
criticism, or something
Modals Perfect
that should have
happened in the past
but did not).
Could have + V3 Anto could have done the homework himself
He did not do the homework himself.

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