Page 47 - Handout Computer Network.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oaAuRXC0F4

2.10.1.4 Hierarchical Topology

A hierarchical topology is created similar to an extended-star topology. The primary difference
is that it does not use a central node. Instead, it uses a trunk node from which it branches to other
nodes. Two types of tree topologies exist: the binary tree (each node splits into two links) and the
backbone tree (a backbone trunk has branch nodes with links hanging from it).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmLxb8HzQX4&t=60s

2.10.1.5 Full-Mesh and Partial-Mesh Topologies

The full-mesh topology connects all devices (nodes) to each other for redundancy and fault
tolerance. The wiring in a full-mesh topology has very distinct advantages and disadvantages. The
advantage is that every node is connected physically to every other node, which creates a redundant
connection. If any link fails, information can flow through many other links to reach its destination.
The primary disadvantage is that for anything more than a small number of nodes, the amount of
media for the links and the number of the connections on the lines becomes overwhelming.
Implementing a full-mesh topology is expensive and difficult.
The full-mesh topology is usually implemented in WANs between routers.

In a partial-mesh topology, at least one device maintains multiple connections to others
without being fully meshed, as shown in Figure below. A partial-mesh topology still provides
redundancy by having several alternative routes. If one route cannot be used, the data takes another
route, even if it is longer. The partial-mesh topology is used for many telecommunications backbones,
as well as the Internet.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UZlwhiWKmA

2.10.2 Logical Topology

A network’s logical topology is how the hosts communicate across the medium.

The two most common types of logical topology are broadcast and token passing, as shown
in Figure 2-26.

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