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252    Part 3   •  Organizing
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                    back Right,”  Harvard Business   up the Slack,” Hewitt Associates,   Piggy Bank Is Fat for Retirement,”   harassment.cfm, April 24, 2015.
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                    Operational and Financial Im-  and B. Gray, “When Layoff Sur-   49.  U.S. Equal Employment Oppor-  Pont Announces 2000 Dr. Martin
                    plications of Pay Levels and Pay   vivors Become Layoff  Victims:   tunity Commission, “Charge  Al-  Luther King, Days of Celebration,”
                    Structure,”  Academy of Manage-  Propensity to Litigate,”  Human   leging Sexual Harassment: FY   DuPont Company  Documents,
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                    752–62; J. D. Shaw, N. P. Gupta,   22–32.            .gov/eeoc/statistics/enforcement/  whats-news/releases/00/001111.
                    and J. E. Delery, “Pay Disper-   44.  S. Berfield, “After the Layoff, the   sexual_harassment_new.cfm?   html (January 11, 2000).
                    sion and Workforce Performance:   Redesign,”  Business Week, April   renderforprint=1.   63.  It should be noted here that under
                    Moderating Effects of Incentives   14, 2008, 54–56; L. Uchitelle,    50.  Ibid.  the Title VII and the Civil Rights
                    and Interdependence,”  Strate-  “Retraining  Laid-off Workers,    51.  N. F. Foy, “Sexual Harassment   Act of 1991, the maximum award
                    gic Management Journal (June   but  for What?”  New York  Times   Can Threaten Your Bottom Line,”   that can be given, under the Fed-
                    2002): 491–512; E. Montemayor,   Online, March 26, 2006; D. Tour-  Strategic Finance (August 2000):   eral  Act, is $300,000. However,
                    “Congruence between Pay Policy   ish, N. Paulsen, E. Hobman, and   56–57.       many cases are tried under state
                    and Competitive Strategy in High-  P. Bordia, “The Downsides of    52.  “Federal Monitors Find Illinois   laws that permit unlimited punitive
                    Performing Firms,”  Journal of   Downsizing:  Communication  Mitsubishi Unit Eradicating Ha-  damages.
                    Management vol. 22, no. 6 (1996):   Processes and Information Needs   rassment,”  Wall Street Journal    64.  J. W. Janove, “Sexual Harassment
                    889–908; and L. R. Gomez-Mejia,   in the Aftermath of a Workforce   (September 7, 2000): A8.  and  the  Big  Three Surprises,”
                    “Structure and Process of Diversi-  Reduction Strategy,”  Manage-   53.  L.  J.  Munson,  C.  Hulin,  and  F.   HR Magazine, November 2001,
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                    and Firm Performance,” Strategic   May 2004, 485–516; J. Brock-  of Dispositional Influences and   Baar, “Harassment Case Proceeds
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                 37.  J. D. Shaw, N. Gupta,  A. Mitra,   Weinberg, “Perceived Control as   Personnel  Psychology  (Spring    65.  S. Shellenbarger, “Supreme Court
                    and G. E. Ledford Jr., “Success   an  Antidote to the Negative Ef-  2000): 21.  Takes on How Employers Handle
                    and Survival of Skill-Based Pay   fects  of Layoffs  on  Survivors’    54.  B. Leonard, “Survey: 10% of   Worker Harassment Complaints,”
                    Plans,”  Journal of Management   Organizational Commitment and   Employees Report Harassment   Wall Street Journal, April  13,
                    (February 2005):  28–49;  C.  Lee,   Job Performance,”  Administra-  at Work,” HR Magazine, October   2006, D1.
                    K. S. Law, and P. Bobko, “The   tive Science Quarterly, 49 (2004):   2010, 18.   66.  See, for instance, P. W. Dorfman,
                    Importance of Justice Perceptions   76–100; and E. Krell, “Defusing    55.  “Nichols v. Azteca Restaurant En-  A.  T. Cobb, and R. Cox, “Inves-
                    on Pay Effectiveness:  A  Two-  Downsizing,”  Business Finance,   terprises,”  Harvard Law Review,   tigations of Sexual Harassment
                    Year Study of a Skill-Based Pay   December 2002, 55–57.  May 2002, 2074;  A. J. Morrell,     Allegations: Legal Means Fair—
                    Plan,”  Journal of Management    45.  And the Survey Says box based on   “Non-Employee  Harassment,”  Or Does It?”  Human Resources
                    vol. 26, no. 6 (1999): 851–73; G.   “Find the Sharpest Needle in the   Legal Report (January–February   Management, Spring 2000, 33–39.
                    E. Ledford, “Paying for the Skills,   Stack,” HR Magazine, June 2012,   2000): 1. See also S. Lim and L.    67.  These examples taken from S.
                    Knowledge and Competencies of   16; J. Yang and P.  Trap, “If You   M. Cortina, “Interpersonal Mis-  J. Wells,  “Does Work  Make You
                    Knowledge Workers,” Compensa-  Started a Job and You Didn’t Like   treatment in the  Workplace:  The   Fat?”  HR Magazine, October
                    tion and Benefits Review, July–  It, How Long  Would You Stay?”   Interface and Impact of General   2010,  26–32;  R.  King,  “Slim-
                    August 1995, 55–62; and E. E.   USA Today, June 11, 2012, 1B; J.   Incivility and Sexual Harassment,”   ming Down Employees to Cut
                    Lawler III, G. E. Ledford Jr., and   Yang and P.  Trap, “Do You Use   Journal of  Applied Psychology   Costs”; C.  Tkaczyk, “Lowering
                    L. Chang, “Who Uses Skill-Based   Social Networking Sites to Re-  (May 2005): 483–96.  Health-Care Costs,” Fortune, No-
                    Pay and Why,” Compensation and   search Candidates?”  USA Today,    56.  Although the male gender is re-  vember 23, 2009, 16; and A. W.
                    Benefits Review, March–April   June 5, 2012, 1B; J. Yang and A.   ferred to here, it is important to   Matthews, “When All Else Fails:
                    1993, 22.                 Gonzalez,  “Top Actions  Workers   note that sexual harassment may   Forcing  Workers into Healthy
                 38.  J. D. Shaw, N. Gupta,  A. Mitra,   Feel  Are Grounds for  Termina-  involve people of either sex or the   Habits,” Wall Street Journal, July
                    and G. E. Ledford Jr., “Success   tion,”  USA Today, May 7, 2012,   same sex. (See, for instance, On-  8, 2009, D1+.
                    and Survival of Skill-Based Pay   1B; L.  Weber,” Little  Time for   cale v. Sundowner Offshore Ser-   68.  J.  Tozzi, “U.S. Health-Care
                    Plans.”                   Resumes,”  Wall Street Journal,   vice, Inc., 118 S. Ct. 998.)  Spending Is on the Rise  Again,”
                 39.  Information from Hewitt  Associ-  March 21, 2012, B8; J. Yang and P.    57.  See also  A. M. O’Leary-Kelly,   http://www.bloomberg.com/news/
                    ates Studies: “As Fixed Costs In-  Trap, “Top Reasons Why  Someone   L. Bowes-Sperry, C.  A. Bates,   articles/2015-02-18/u-s-health-
                    crease, Employers Turn to Variable   Hired Would Not Work Out in the   and E. R. Lean, “Sexual Harass-  care-spending-is-on-the-rise-
                    Pay Programs as Preferred Way to   Position,” USA Today, October 26,   ment at Work: A Decade (Plus) of   again,  February  18,  2015;  and
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