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b. Holding and Grasping Instruments

• Bone-Holding Forceps (Lane, Lewin, or Kern forceps): Used to stabilize bone fragments
during fracture fixation.
• Clamps (Kocher, Kelly, and Allis clamps): Used for securing tissues, vessels, and bone
fragments.
• Needle Holders: Used to securely grasp sutures for precise stitching.
• Retractors (Hohmann, Gelpi, Weitlaner retractors): Used to hold tissues apart and expose the
surgical field.

c. Drilling and Power Instruments

• High-Speed Drills: Used for placing screws and preparing bone for implants.
• Reamers: Used for shaping the medullary cavity in joint replacement surgeries.
• Screwdrivers: Used for inserting and securing orthopedic screws.
• Surgical Saws (Reciprocating, Oscillating, and Gigli saws): Used for controlled bone cutting.

d. Measuring and Alignment Instruments

• Calipers: Used to measure bone length and diameter before cutting.
• Implant Trials: Used to test prosthetic components before final placement.
• Alignment Rods and Guides: Used to ensure correct anatomical positioning of implants and
fractures.

e. Fixation Instruments

• Plates and Screws: Various sizes and designs used in internal fixation.
• External Fixators (Ilizarov, monolateral, and hybrid frames): Used to stabilize severe
fractures externally.
• Wire and Pin Placement Instruments: Used for tension band wiring and K-wire insertion.

• Cutting Instruments:
o Bone saws, osteotomes, and rongeurs for precise bone cutting.
• Holding and Grasping Instruments:
o Forceps, clamps, and retractors for tissue manipulation.
• Drills and Power Tools:
o High-speed drills, reamers, and screwdrivers for implant placement.
• Measuring Devices:
o Calipers and trial implants for precise sizing.

2. Proper Instrument Care and Handling

a. Pre-Surgical Preparation

• Inspection and Setup:
o Verify instruments are intact, sterile, and in working condition before use.