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applied in studying the religiosity of Muslim communities in multiple
countries. Likewise, El-Menouar (2014) uses the concept of Glock and Stark

and develops it in the form of unique ideas and measurements for the Muslim
community, which he calls Muslim religiosity. He created five dimensions of
Muslim religiosity but differed from Glock and Stark: fundamental religiosity,

primary obligations, religious experience, religious knowledge, and
orthopraxis.

According to Joseph Diduca (2007), religiosity is the level of
individual conception of religion and the level of commitment to religion in
admiring, obeying, and implementing religious teachings as a manifestation of

that commitment. Huber dan Huber departs from Glock and Stark but also
criticizes and formulates his own measurement of religiosity. Huber and

Huber (2012) argue that, in general, religiosity refers to the intensity, meaning,
significance, and centrality of religion for individuals. A person's religiosity
can be measured by the power of carrying out obligations and religious values

that are most prominent in a person.
Religiosity is sometimes related to the formation of the identity of its
members and then influential in social and political life. Therefore, religious

identity can be conceptualized as a function of the centrality of the content of
the construction of one's personal religiosity system. Religious beliefs are
more central in identity formation, the more influential on a person's identity

and life. In Muslim society in Indonesia, the essence of religiosity and piety,
both personal and social, becomes very important in various aspects of life,

including social interaction. That is, religious affiliation and religiosity or
obedience and piety are central in life.
5. Dimensions of Religiosity

While Glock and Stark compile the five dimensions as mentioned
above, other experts such as Fukuyama divide the four dimensions of

cognitive, cultic, creedal, and devotional. Other well-known scholars, such as
Allport and Ross, identified two main dimensions of religiosity: intrinsic and
extrinsic. Huber & Huber (2012) to divide religiosity into five dimensions: