Page 53 - نموذج

450 16 Writing Proposals

Guidelines

introducing a Proposal
The introduction to the proposal should answer the following seven questions:
 What is the problem or opportunity? Describe the problem or opportunity in
specific monetary terms, because the proposal itself will include a budget, and
you want to convince your readers that spending money on what you propose is
smart. Don’t say that a design problem is slowing down production; say that it is
costing $4,500 a day in lost productivity.
 What is the purpose of the proposal? The purpose of the proposal is to de-
scribe a problem or opportunity and propose activities that will culminate in a
deliverable. Be specific in explaining what you want to do.
 What is the background of the problem or opportunity? Although you proba-
bly will not be telling your readers anything they don’t already know, show them
that you understand the problem or opportunity: the circumstances that led to
its discovery, the relationships or events that will affect the problem and its solu-
tion, and so on.
 What are your sources of information? Review the relevant literature, ranging
from internal reports and memos to published articles or even books, so that
readers will understand the context of your work.
 What is the scope of the proposal? If appropriate, indicate what you are — and
are not — proposing to do.
 What is the organization of the proposal? Explain the organizational pattern
you will use.
 What are the key terms that you will use in the proposal? If you will use any
specialized or unusual terms, define them in the introduction.

Proposed Program

on techcomm Web In the proposed program, sometimes called the plan of work, explain what
For a sample literature review, you want to do. Be specific. You won’t persuade anyone by saying that you
see Writing Guidelines for Engi- plan to “gather the data and analyze it.” How will you gather and analyze the
neering and Science Students.
Click on Links Library for Ch. 16 data? Justify your claims. Every word you say — or don’t say — will give your
on <bedfordstmartins.com/ readers evidence on which to base their decision.
techcomm>. If your project concerns a subject written about in the professional lit-
erature, show your familiarity with the scholarship by referring to the per-
tinent studies. However, don’t just string together a bunch of citations. For
example, don’t write, “Carruthers (2009), Harding (2010), and Vega (2010)
have all researched the relationship between global warming and ground-
water contamination.” Rather, use the recent literature to sketch the nec-

16_MAR_67948_Ch16_439-465.indd 450 11/29/11 3:35 PM