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Appendix

Appendix 2: the standard model

The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory of
electromagnetism, weak and strong nuclear interactions,
and the classification of all known subatomic particles.

In physics, a force is a mechanical action exerted by one
object on another. Matter's interactions can only be
explained by 4 types of force which, through elementary
interactions, are responsible for all the physical phenomena
observed in the universe, each manifested by a force known
as the fundamental force.

These 4 fundamental forces govern all the laws of the
universe:
In the Universe

1. Electromagnetic force
Electromagnetic interaction governs all electrical
and magnetic phenomena. It can be attractive or
repulsive: for example, two magnet poles of the
same sign (North-North or South-South) will repel
each other, while two magnet poles of opposite sign
will attract each other (North-South or South-
North).
This interaction is linked to the existence of electric
charges and is responsible for the cohesion of
atoms by binding electrons (negative electric charge)
attracted by the atom's nucleus (positive electric charge).

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