Page 109 - Coincidences in the Bible and in Biblical Hebrew

COINCIDENCES IN THE BIBLE AND IN BIBLICAL HEBREW
88 88 COINCIDENCES IN THE BIBLE AND IN BIBLICAL HEBREW

space-time? Again, this discrepancy in space-time dimensionality seems
to be regarded as an ‘energy effect,’ and not particularly fundamental”
(915).

Comments
1. That last quote seems to relate to the superstring theories that had been pro-

duced in the first superstring revolution, thus implying that the theories were

not wrong, but rather special cases of the more general M-theory that emerged
later.
2. Most of the quotations above refer to what is called the first superstring

revolution. A later development, triggered by Edward Witten in the mid-

nineties of the previous century, unified all five string theories of earlier years
into M-theory . Witten’s work is considered today to be the starting point
of the second superstring revolution. M-theory links together all five string

theories of the first revolution by showing that each is part of a grander theo-

retical synthesis. While M-theory is still in its developmental stages, with new
insights gradually evolving, a major characteristic of this theory is the realiza-
tion that space-time contains eleven dimensions : ten space dimensions and
one for time (Greene 2004, 382; Penrose 2004, 915). Furthermore, “Witten

showed that the five ten-dimensional frameworks that string theorists had

developed for more than a decade were actually five approximate descriptions
of a single, underlying eleven-dimensional theory” (Greene 2004, 383). In
other words, the previous partition of the ten time-space dimensions into
four dimensions (including time) and six unseen spatial dimensions (often
referred to as the Calabi-Yau space) is reformulated into ten spatial dimen-
sions and a single time dimension.
3. Current cosmological theories are evolving at an accelerated rate. These

theories are now in a very fluid state. Some theories that are popular today
may be discarded tomorrow, or some long-ago discarded theories may regain
’
respectability tomorrow (like Einstein s revived cosmological constant). Kaku
(2005a), while describing present-day attempts to submit experimental and
observational evidence to various predictions derived from modern phys-
ics and from recent cosmology theories, concludes: “Some theorists believe

that the final verdict on string theory will not come from experiments at all.

Rather the answer may come from pure mathematics. The principal reason
predictions of string theory are not well defined is that the theory is not fin-

ished … Even its greatest proponents agree that the final version has not yet
been determined” (therein, 37).