Page 51 - EVOLUTION OF THE SUDAN PEOPLE’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT(SPLM),

random and in cold blood, in Juba, Wau and other big towns. In Juba, on 8-9 July the army
killed over 4000 citizens on the bases of Anyanya guerilla soldiers and their sympathizers. On
11 August 1965, the scenario of killings was carried out in Wau by the army, killing hundreds of

civilians, intellectuals in a wedding party in the house Chief Cier Rihian under the same bases,
Anyanya and their sympathizers. The killings spread to other towns and villages. The Vigilant
daily newspaper, ran by Mr. Bona Malwal Madut Ring, its editor, accused Mahgoub’s government
of murdering innocent Southern Sudanese and charged him the international crime of genocide.

No investigations were conducted in Juba or Wau incidents. The Anyanya went back to war as
from July 1965 to 1972 (Young, 2003).

On 25 May 1969, Col. Ja’afer Mohamed Al Numieri, a Pan-Arabist officer, staged a white
successful coup d’état and over threw the Government, dissolved the constituent Assembly and

avowed to stop the war and negotiate with the Anyanya and Southern Sudan Liberation front,
SSLF, Led by General Joseph Lagu(SAD.887/9/15.23/22). Joseph Lagu, on the other hand, agreed
to negotiate with Numieri. On 3 March 1972, the parties, the SSLF and the Sudan concluded the
“Addis Ababa Agreement.” The Anyanya Patriotic Front (note that Anyanya Patriotic was formed

following the Addis Ababa Agreement between General Numieri’s regime and General Joseph
Lagu’s Anyanya (I), on 27th February 1972, by rejectionist of the autonomy and committed
nationalists fighting for separate and independence of Southern Sudan. The group, known as
Kinshasa group, were led by former President of the Nile Republic, Gordon Mortat Mayen),

Anyanya (II)and ultimately the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement in Ethiopia 1983, after the
collapse of the Addis Ababa peace agreement(Johnson 2016).

Anyanyas stated objective was the total liberation Southern Sudan, leading to independence.
Anyanya (I) (1962-1972), Anyanya Patriotic Front (1972-1984) led by Gordon Mortat Mayen,

former President of the Nile Republic (Southern Sudan) in exile and Anyanya (II) founded by
Vincent Kuany and James Bol Alangjok in 1977, had similar objectives as Anyanya (I) but they
were defeated by SPLM at the battle of Adura where, the leaders of Anyanya (II), Samuel Gai

Tut and others, were killed in May 1984. The declared objective of SPLM was to establish a
secular and democratic Sudan whereas Anyanya (II) and others wanted, as stated earlier, to fight
for the independence of Southern Sudan. There was thus a clear dichotomy and contentious
visions as to the territory to be liberated by the SPLM and Anyanya (II) leaderships: the Sudan
or Southern Sudan? With the support of Mengistu Haile Mariam, John Garang emerged as the

undisputed leader of SPLM and thereafter was able to unite the forces of SPLM and Anyanya (II)
in 1983(Johnson, 2016).

John Garang exerted his personal authority on the entire movement and eliminated his opponents
in 1988 and significantly gained military victories over Sudanese army only after the reunification

with Anyanya (II) forces. Internal differences within the movement occurred in 1991 when the
Nassir faction led by Riek Machar and Lam Akol struggled to stage rebellion (they announced
a coup) against John Garang, polarizing the movement internally towards and at the end of the

cold war. The negotiations between the Sudan government and the SPLM in 2004-2005 formally
agreed to the protocol over the right of self-determination and recognized the autonomy for
Southern Sudan for an interim period for six years (probation period in order to make unity
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