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Another expert, Kagan (2007: 4:1) said that cooperative

learning refers to a set of instructional strategies that

include cooperative student-student interaction over subject

matter as an integral part of the learning process. He also added

in Brody and Davidson that simply placing students in a group

and telling them to work together on some curriculum problem

without providing a structure for the students to work within

is group work (Kagan & Kagan, 1998: 112).

Meanwhile, according to Slavin (1995: 2) cooperative

learning refers to method in which students work in small group

to help one another learn academic content. In cooperative

learning students are expected to help each other, to discuss and

argue with one another, to asses each other’s knowledge and fill

in gaps in each other understanding.

Another explanation is also proposed by Arends & Kilcher

(2010: 306), they explain that cooperative learning is a teaching

model or strategy that is characterized by cooperative task,

goal, and reward structures, and requires students to be

actively engaged in discussion, debate, tutoring, and teamwork.

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