Page 460 - The Encyclopedia of Taoism v1_A-L

FEN G D U 421

ings such as "Protocols for Reciting the Scriptures" ("Songjing yi" ~m~~f~)
and "Pro to cols for Ritual Ranks" ("Faci yi" ~{J;:f~), along with sections on
several liturgies. Juan 4 (8a- lOb) and 5 (Ia- 2b) contain lists of Lingbao and
Shangqing texts (on the latter, see Robinet 1984,2: 18).
After much debate over the past four decades, scholars now agree that the
Fengdao kejie was compiled in the early Tang dynasty, around the years 620-30,
and inspired by the collected statutes of ]inming Qizhen :3it lJB -t; R (fl. 545- 554)
who is named as author in the preface. The bulk of the received text existed
by the mid-seventh century and was first cited by *Yin Wencao of the late
seventh, then both cited and supplemented by *Zhang Wanfu of the early
eighth century and other Taoists of his time. After that the text continued to
grow, coming to include more and more disparate materials, parts of which
survive in citations and in S. 809. From this expanded version, a reduced edi-
tion in three juan was created that formed the basis for the version we'still
have today.
The text is also important because of the evidence it provides on the printing
of images on paper by Taoists before the end of the seventh century (Barrett
1997)·
LiviaKOHN

m Akizuki Kan' ei 1965; Barrett 1997; Benn 1991, 72-98; Kohn I997a; Kohn
2001; Kohn 2004b (trans.); Ofuchi Ninji 1978-79, I: II5- 2I (crit. notes on the
Dunhuang mss.) and 2: 219-42 (reprod. of the Dunhuang mss.); Ofuchi Ninji
1997, 557- 89; Ofuchi Ninji and Ishii Masako 1988, I08- I4 (list of texts cited);
Reiter 1998; Yoshioka Yoshitoyo 1955, 301-40; Yoshioka Yoshitoyo I976c

* jie [precepts]; MONASTIC CODE; ORDINATION AND PRIESTHOOD

Fengdu

Mount Fengdu has been the most famous Chinese purgatory since the first
centuries of the Common Era. A rich liturgical tradition for the salvation of
the living and the dead developed around its myth, probably coinciding with
the formation of Taoist eschatology under Buddhist influence.
The earliest known mention of Fengdu (or its synonym Luofeng m~I)
as an abode of the dead is in the *Baopu zi, dating from the early fourth cen-
tury (trans. Ware 1966, 64). Slightly later, the revealed *Shangqing scriptures
contain the first descriptions of the place as a mythical mountain (see for
example *Zhengao, j. 10 and 15). Located in the Northern Sea, in the north-