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These clay-like substances are formulated for crafting and (iv) Total Emission Reduction for the Upcycling of Candle
modelling and often give a smooth texture, and when the Stands
mixture is moist, the flexibility increases. When the mixture Total emission reduction = Avoided disposal + Saved
is dry, the strength is high. White cement is incorporated into production - Additional ingredients - Process emissions
the mixture to enhance the durability, and both baby powder Total emission reduction = 0.02798 +2.87 - 0.1 = 2.7979 kg
and potato starch improve the consistency of the product. CO2e
Therefore, by creating this upcycled candle stand, you've
The final product, "Clay-like mixture", is ideal for creating potentially reduced carbon emissions by approximately 2.80
detailed sculptures and can be easily repaired using a kg CO2e.
matching filler made from the same ingredients. Due to the
versatile properties, a candle stand or holder was designed. The total savings based on the shell waste generation
Epoxy coating was done to strengthen the overall stand/ = 2.80 kg CO2e /kg waste X 60840 kg shell waste
holder structure and provide a water resistance surface. This = 170352 kg CO2e
can also prevent mould growth on the product structure.
In the experiment of developing the candle stand, the stand
In the determination of the carbon emission reduction for is durable and stable. Epoxy coating is done. This allows the
Eco-Solution 1, the emissions avoided from waste disposal product to be resistant to moisture absorption and mould
and the emissions saved by not producing a new candle stand growth and provides a better aesthetic appearance and
together with accounting for the additional ingredients used touch. However, the total emission reduction will be affected,
in the formulation are considered. The following shows the and the following shows the new calculation:
estimated calculation of the total emission reduction in a step- (i)Carbon Emissions from Epoxy Resin Coating
by-step manner: The exact amount of carbon emissions depends on the
quantity of epoxy used. In this case, the estimate can be based
(i) Seafood Shell Waste Upcycling on available data. Epoxy resin production has a significant
Weight of seafood shell powder: 37.7 g (0.0377 kg) carbon footprint, with studies that show up to 5.7 kg CO2e
Landfill emission factor (approximate): 0.7496 kg CO2e per per kg of resin for some bio-based resins2.
kg of waste
Avoided emissions: 0.0377 kg × 0.7396 kg CO2e/kg Conventional epoxy resins can have higher emissions of
around 6.7 kg CO2e per kg[2].
= 0.0279 kg CO2e
In this product development, assuming a thin coating of about
(ii) Emissions Saved from New Product Production 50g (0.05 kg) of epoxy resin is used. The carbon emission
An assumption of the average carbon footprint of a similar contribution will be as follows:
candle stand is 2.87 kg CO2e.
0.05 kg × 6.7 kg CO2e/kg = 0.335 kg CO2e
(iii) Emissions from Additional Ingredients
These additional ingredients have minimal emissions but (ii) Total Emission Reduction for Candle Stand made from
should be considered. However, there are minimal resources Shell Waste & Coated with Epoxy Resin.
or specific data; thus, an estimate of a small amount, 0.1 kg 2.80 kg CO2e (upcycling benefit) - 0.335 kg CO2e (epoxy
CO2e, is made as an assumption. coating) = 2.465 kg CO2e
Therefore, the total emission reduction for the candle
stand made from shell waste and coated with epoxy resin is
approximately 2.465 kg CO2e.

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