Page 148 - Towards A Sustainable Future , Phase 3 2025, E-Book_Neat

With reference to 100ml used cooking oil, gravitational (ii) Emissions from the Candle Production Process
filtration (2 times), 10ml bleach treatment and 10g of
activated carbon adsorption and/or absorption treatment (A)Chemical Treatment:
were done. At the end of the processing steps, there is about 10 ml bleach per 100 ml oil
Bleach production emissions: Approximately 0.0108 kg CO2e
75% recovery. The treated purified oil with a volume of 100ml per 10 ml of Chlorine
will be chemically treated with 8g of stearic acid. This process
hardens the liquid and forms a "soft wax" that can be burnt (B)Activated Carbon Treatment:
as a candle. 10 g activated carbon per 100 ml of oil
Activated carbon from fruit waste: Approximately 0.0002 kg
The cost of making the candle wax is about 100ml of candle, CO2e per 10 g (estimated, very low due to waste source)
as illustrated in Table 2.
(C) Wax Formation:
8 g stearic acid per 100 ml of treated oil
Stearic acid production: Approximately 0.09464 kg CO2e per
8 g (estimated)

(D) Process Energy (mixing, heating, if any):
Estimated at 0.005 kg CO2e per 100 ml oil processed (this is
an assumption and may need adjustment based on actual
energy use)
Total Production Emissions = 0.0108 + 0.0002 + 0.09464 +
0.005 = 0.11064 kg CO2e per 100 ml oil.

*Note: Every 100ml of Candle Wax can fill up three candle holders (iii) Use Phase Emissions
(based on the capacity of this project). Assuming a 75% recovery rate, we get 75 ml of candle wax
Table 2: Cost and Materials Needed for Processing the Used Cooking from 100 ml of oil.
Oil to Candle Wax A typical candle burns for about 4-7 hours per 30 ml.
Let's assume 5 hours of burning time for 30 ml; thus, 75 ml
With the above procedures, the total emission reduction can would burn for approximately 12.5 hours.
Emission = 12.5 hours × 3600 seconds/hour × 5.28 mg CO2/
be determined as follows: second
= 237,600 mg CO2
(i) Baseline Emissions = 0.2376 kg CO2e
There are about 12,350 kg of used cooking oil generated by
ParkRoyal Collection, and it translates to about 40,532 kg (iv) Avoided Emissions
CO2e annually. (Based on the following calculation) Paraffin wax production emits approximately 0.33 kg CO2e
per 100 g as a reference since no specific data is available.
Given that CO2 emission factor = 81.55kg CO2e / mmBtu When 75 ml of wax is roughly 70 g (assuming a density close
vegetable oil, = 81.55kg CO2e / 21.1kg to water).
vegetable oil
Avoided emissions = (70/100) × 0.33 = 0.231 Kg CO2e.
For 100 ml of used cooking oil with an average density of
0.93g/ml, (v) End-of-Life Emissions
Total emission Negligible for this calculation, as both options (disposal of oil
= 0.93g/ml X 100ml X (1kg/1000g) X 81.55 kg CO2e / 21.1kg or burning of a candle) result in CO2 emissions.
vegetable oil
= 0.3594 kg CO2e

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