Page 152 - Towards A Sustainable Future , Phase 3 2025, E-Book_Neat

Portland cement generates approximately 0.81 kilograms of (iii) Seafood Shell Waste Upcycling
CO₂.
Landfill Emission Factor (approximate): 0.95 kg CO2e per Kg
With the current production levels, the cement industry is Waste
responsible for emitting around 3.3 billion tons of CO₂ annually,
making it one of the most significant industrial sources of Avoided Emissions:
greenhouse gases. These emissions contribute to climate = Amount of Shell Waste Generated (annually by ParkRoyal)
change, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable practices × Landfill Emission Factor
and innovative alternatives to mitigate their environmental = 60840 Kg × 0.95
impact. = 57798 Kg CO2e for 60840Kg shell waste.

(i) In view of the Global Perspective on cement production, Since there are some treatments done to the shellfish shell
the CO2 Emissions are presented as follows: waste, and the respective treatment emission factors are as
follows:
In 2024, the annual Global Cement Production is 4.1 billion • Shell Drying ---- 0.2 Kg CO2e/ Kg Waste
tonnes. •Shell Grinding ----- 0.05 Kg CO2e/ Kg Waste
•Shell Treatment with Acetic acid ---- 0.1Kg CO2e/ Kg Waste
The estimated CO2 Emission Factor for Cement is: 0.81 Kg
CO2/ Kg Cement. CO2 Emission contributed from the various treatments
(based on 60840Kg Shell Waste) = [(0.2 Kg CO2e × 60,840Kg)
+ (0.05 Kg CO2e × 60840Kg) + ( 0.1 Kg CO2e × 60,840Kg)] ÷
Annual CO2 Emission based on Global Cement Production is, 60,840
Annual Cement Production × CO2 Emission Factor = 21294 Kg CO2e/ 60,840 Kg waste
= 4.1 billion tonnes × 0.81 = 0.35 Kg CO2e/ Kg Waste
= 4.1×1012 Kg × 0.81 = 3.321 × 1012 Kg CO2e = 3.321 billion
tonnes CO2e
Adjusted Total Emission Reduction per Kg Waste
= Avoided Emission + Saved Production – Treatment Emission
(ii) Based on the team's formulation in making the modified = 0.95 + 0.81 – 0.35
cement, 20% of the cement is replaced with Seafood shell = 1.41 Kg CO2e per Kg waste used for cement.
waste, and the amount of CO2 emission reduction is,

Annual CO2 emission × 20% (iv) If all 60840Kg kg of Shell waste (generated by ParkRoyal)
= 3.321 billion tonnes × 0.20 is used in the 20% replacement of cement, the estimated
= 0.6642 billion tonnes CO2 emission reduced CO2e reduction will be,
(Based on 0.82 billion tonnes of cement replacement –
i.e. 20% replacement) 1.41 Kg CO2e × 60,840 Kg Waste = 85,784.4 Kg CO2e

This would also mean that when 20% cement is replaced to Cement production is a major contributor to global CO₂
form the modified cement, the amount of CO2e reduction emissions, with an annual output of 4.1 billion tonnes in
= 0.6642 × 1012 Kg CO2e ÷ [0.82 × 1012 Kg replacement 2024. Using an emission factor of 0.81 kg CO₂ per kilogram of
= 0.81 Kg CO2e per Kg cement, this results in 3.321 billion tonnes of CO₂e emissions
annually. The scale of these emissions highlights the urgent

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