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288 √«¡º≈ß“π∑“ß«‘™“°“√¢Õß»“ μ√“®“√¬å∏“π‘π∑√å °√—¬«‘‡™’¬√

‡À¡◊Õπ°—π. §”«à“ ùexistentialismû ¡’ºŸâ·ª≈‡ªìπ¿“…“‰∑¬«à“ ù«‘™™¡“π–«“∑û, À√◊Õ

ù —μμ«“∑û, ‡√◊ËÕßπ’Èπà“®– ß«π‰«â„Àâ∑à“πºŸâ√Ÿâ·≈–ª√—™≠“‡¡∏’∂°‡∂’¬ß°—πμàÕ‰ª«à“
À¡“¬§«“¡«à“°√–‰√, ·≈–§”∑’˧‘¥°—π¢÷Èππ—Èπμ√ß°—∫§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”‡¥‘¡À√◊Õ‰¡à. §”«à“

ùabsoluteû ‡¡◊ËÕ‡ªìπ»—æ∑å∑“ߪ√—™≠“, æ≈μ√’æ√–‡®â“«√«ß»å‡∏Õ °√¡À¡◊Ëππ√“∏‘ªæß»å
ª√–æ—π∏å, ∑√ß·ª≈«à“ ù —¡∫Ÿ√≥—μ‘û, ‡√“°Áπà“®–∂◊Õ¢Õßæ√–Õߧ剫â°àÕπ. ºŸâ‡¢’¬π¬Õ¡√—∫«à“

∂â“À“°‡√“‰¡àª√– ߧ委π’È·≈â«, °Á‰¡à∑√“∫«à“®–„™â§”Õ◊Ëπ„¥¡“·∑π„Àâ‡À¡“– ¡°«à“§”π’È
‡À¡◊Õπ°—π. §”Õ◊ËπÊ ´÷Ëß„™â„πª√—™≠“°ÆÀ¡“¬, ·≈–À“§”·ª≈¿“…“‰∑¬∑’ˇÀ¡“– ¡‰¥â

¬“°¬—ß¡’Õ’°¡“°, ‡™àπ pragmatism, automaticism, extra-legal norms, censorial
(¯˘)
jurisprudence, legal positivism ·≈– utilitarianism.
»—æ∑å°ÆÀ¡“¬´÷ËßμâÕß¡’§”𑬓¡™à«¬§«“¡‡¢â“„®, ∑’ˇ√“„™â°—π¡“¡’μ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ

∫ÿ√‘¡ ‘∑∏‘Ï (preferential rights), ¿“√®”¬Õ¡ (servitudes), ≈‘¢ ‘∑∏‘Ï (copyright), ·≈–
‘∑∏‘∫—μ√ (patent), ´÷Ëß∑“ß°“√°”≈—ßæ‘®“√≥“Õ¬Ÿà«à“ ¡§«√μ√“°ÆÀ¡“¬„π‡√◊ËÕßπ’ÈÀ√◊Õ‰¡à.

°√√μÿ«“®°·≈–°√√¡«“®°

‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“¿“…“°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬„πμ—«∫∑∑’Ë·ª≈¡“®“°¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…·≈â«, ®–‡ÀÁπ
‰¥â™—¥‡®π«à“, ºŸâ·ª≈æ‘∂’æ‘∂—π‰¡à¬Õ¡„™â°√√¡«“®° (passive voice) ‚¥¬‰¡à®”‡ªìπ‡≈¬.

ºŸâ·ª≈欓¬“¡·ª≈‚¥¬√—°…“‚«À“√·∫∫‰∑¬·∑≫₥¬μ≈Õ¥, ·≈–„™â°√√μÿ«“®° (active
voice) ‡ªìπª√–®”. °“√„™âª√–‚¬§„π°√√¡«“®°´÷Ë߉¡à ¡§«√„™â„π¿“…“‰∑¬∑’ˇ√“

æ∫‡ÀÁπ°—πÕ¬Ÿà‡ ¡Õπ—Èπ, ¡‘‰¥â¡“®“° ”π«π„πμ—«∫∑°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬∑’Ë·ª≈¡“®“°Õ—ß°ƒ…‡≈¬,
À“°·μຟℙⷪ≈À√◊Õ‡§¬™‘π¡“°—∫°“√„™â¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…μ“¡≈”æ—ß.

(¯˘)
”À√—∫∑à“π∑’Ë —π∑—¥„π∑“ߪ√—™≠“·≈–√Ÿâ¿“…“Õ—ß°ƒ…¥’ πà“®–∑¥≈Õß·ª≈¢âÕ§«“¡μàÕ‰ªπ’ȇªìπ¿“…“
‰∑¬¢âÕ§«“¡π’ȇªìπª√—™≠“°ÆÀ¡“¬μÕπÀπ÷ËߢÕß George Hegel: ù...A legal process, in
itself in any case a means....begins to be something external to its end and
contrasted with it. This long course of formalities....may be turned into an evil, and
even an instrument of wrong, and for this reason it is by law made the duty of
the parties to submit themselves to the simple process of arbitration (before

a tribunal of arbitrators) and to the attempt to reconcile their differences out of
court, in order that they....may be protected aganinst legal processes and their
misuse....û: Clarence Morris, ed., The Great Legal Philosophers (Philadelphin:
University of Pennsylvania Press, 1959), p. 323.