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                    μ“¡∏√√¡™“μ‘ √“°∞“π·ÀàßÀ≈—°°ÆÀ¡“¬π’ȧ◊Õ‡Àμÿº≈∑’Ë∂Ÿ°μâÕß °ÆÀ¡“¬∏√√¡™“쑇ªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬
                    ∑’ˬÿμ‘∏√√¡¬—Ë߬◊π‰¡à¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß Õ“√‘ ‚μ‡μ‘≈ ª√“™≠噓«°√’°‚∫√“≥‡ªìπºŸâÀπ÷Ëß´÷Ë߇√‘Ë¡
                    ‡πâ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬∏√√¡™“μ‘π’È°≈à“««à“ °ÆÀ¡“¬∏√√¡™“μ‘·μ°μà“ß®“°°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õß
                    ∫â“π‡¡◊Õß (positive law) Õ—π‡ªìπ°ÆÀ¡“¬∑’Ë —ߧ¡¡πÿ…¬åÀ√◊ÕÕߧå°√·Ààß√—∞∫—≠≠—μ‘¢÷Èπ„™â„π
                    ·μà≈–∑âÕß∂‘Ëπ„π·μà≈– ¡—¬ °ÆÀ¡“¬∫â“π‡¡◊Õß∑’Ë¥’®–¢—¥À√◊Õ·¬âßμàÕ°ÆÀ¡“¬∏√√¡™“쑉¡à‰¥â ∂â“¢—¥
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                    ‡§≈◊Õ∫§≈ÿ¡·≈–´∫‡´“‰ª¡“°„π»μ«√√…∑’Ë Ò˘ ´÷Ë߇ªìπ¬ÿ§√ÿà߇√◊ÕߢÕß ”π—°°ÆÀ¡“¬≈’°—≈
                    ‚æ´‘μ‘«‘ ¡å (Legal Positivism) ´÷Ëß∂◊Õ«à“°ÆÀ¡“¬‡ªìπ„À≠à §«“¡¬ÿμ‘∏√√¡μ“¡∏√√¡™“μ‘®–¢—¥
                    À√◊Õ·¬âßμàÕ°ÆÀ¡“¬¢Õß∫â“π‡¡◊Õß¡‘‰¥â ª√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–ª√–‡∑»∑’Ë„™â§Õ¡¡Õπ≈Õ«å¢Õß
                    Õ—ß°ƒ… ∂◊Õ‡ªìπÀ≈—° ”§—≠¡“®π∂÷ß∑ÿ°«—ππ’È √«¡∑—Èߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬¥â«¬ ·μà¡“„πªí®®ÿ∫—πÀ≈—°
                    °ÆÀ¡“¬∏√√¡™“μ‘°≈—∫‰¥â√—∫°“√¬Õ¡√—∫¡“°¢÷Èπ‡ªìπ≈”¥—∫ ªØ‘≠≠“ “°≈«à“¥â«¬ ‘∑∏‘¡πÿ…¬™π
                    °Á¡’√“°‡Àßâ“¡“®“°À≈—°°ÆÀ¡“¬∏√√¡™“μ‘π’È : David M. Walker, The Oxford Companion
                    to Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 867-868)
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