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Obstacles to progress

Realities

Malouf Bous, Katie, and Jason Farr.

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“ The SAPs recommended that the Government reduces its budgetary allocation in the social
sectors which included the education sector. The effects of this included but are not limited to:

Reduction in the enrolment rates and increased dropout rates; Freezing on the employment of
more teachers; Poor quality of education; Rationalized expenditure on education by spending

less on teachers' salaries resulting in poor pay for teachers; Commercialization of education:
dual track, private sponsored students . “
"THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) AND THE WORLD BANK STRUCTURAL
ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMMES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES. CASE STUDY OF KENYA," 263
Githua, Doris Wangui.

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“ Over the past two decades, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) have
undermined Africa's health through the policies they have imposed. The dependence of poor

and highly indebted African countries on World Bank and IMF loans has given these
institutions leverage to control economic policy-making in these countries. The policies
mandated by the World Bank and IMF have forced African governments to orient their

economies towards greater integration in international markets at the expense of social
services and long-term development priorities. They have reduced the role of the state and cut

back government expenditure.
While many African countries succeeded in improving their health care systems in the first

decades after independence, the intervention of the World Bank and IMF reversed this
progress. Investments in health care by African governments in the 1970s achieved
improvements in key health indicators. In Kenya, for example, child mortality was reduced by

almost 50% in the first two decades after independence in 1963. “
"Debt Relief and Health Care in Kenya" 264
Paul Kieti Kimalu,
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World Bank & IMF and ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
“ IMF programs reduce economic growth in the short run, without producing any compensating

long-term benefits. Further, IMF programs lower wages, redistributing income to the owners of
capital. “
"The IMF and Economic Development" 265
Vreeland, James Raymond.
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