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The 19 century m'zuŋ u scramble for Africa
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"Veni, Vidi, Vici"

as from foreign powers. For Lugard, it was also vital that Britain gain control of

unclaimed areas before Germany, Portugal or France claimed the land and its resources
for themselves. He realised that there were vast profits to be made through the export of
resources such as rubber, and through taxation of native populations as well as

importers and exporters (the British taxpayer continually made a loss from the colonies
in this period). In addition, these resources and inexpensive native labour (slavery having

been abolished by Britain in 1833) would provide vital fuel for the industrial revolution in
resource-depleted Britain, as well as monies for public works projects.

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Lugard pushed for native rule in African colonies. He reasoned that black Africans were
very different from white Europeans, although he did speculate on the admixture of Aryan

or Hamitic blood arising from the advent of Islam among the Hausa and Fulani.[30] He
considered that natives should act as a sort of middle manager in colonial governance.

This would avoid revolt because, he believed, the people of Africa would be more likely to
follow someone who looked like them, spoke their languages and shared their customs.

Olufemi Taiwo argues that Lugard actually blocked qualified Africans, who had been

educated in Europe, from playing an active role in the development of Colonial Nigeria; he
distrusted white "intellectuals" as much as black ones--believing that the principles they

were taught in the universities were often wrong. He preferred to advance prominent
Hausa and Fulani leaders from traditional structures. "

"Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard" 88
Wikipedia

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“ Ethnicity has received increased attention in studies of Africa's economic and

institutional development. We present evidence on the long-term effects of Britain's
"divide-and-rule" colonial strategy that deliberately fostered ethnic rivalries to weaken and
control locals. Using micro data from Sub-Saharan Africa, we find that citizens of

Anglophone (as compared to Francophone) countries are more likely to:

 attach greater importance to ethnic identity (vis-´a-vis national identity);

 have weaker norms against tax evasion;
 face extortion by non-state actors.

We address endogeneity concerns using IV regression and regression-discontinuity.
These results suggest that Britain's divide-and-rule strategy may have undermined state-
building. "