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The 19 century m'zuŋ u scramble for Africa
"Veni, Vidi, Vici"

the Libyan resistance, in 1930 the Italian general Rodolfo Graziani, nicknamed "the

butcher of Fezzan," put the civilian population in concentration camps. In Ethiopia, the
Fascists deployed chemical attacks. When Ethiopian rebels tried to kill him, in 1937,
Graziani had 19,000 Ethiopian civilians executed in retaliation. “

"As Europe Reckons With Racism, Italy Still Won't Confront Its Colonial Past." 80
Foreign Policy (blog). (July 2020) Ghiglione, Giorgio

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Italian East Africa
“ Italian East Africa was an Italian colony in the Horn of Africa. It was formed in 1936

through the merger of Italian Somalia, Italian Eritrea, and the newly occupied Ethiopian
Empire, conquered in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.

Italian East Africa was divided into six governorates. Eritrea and Somalia, Italian

possessions since the 1880s, were enlarged with captured Ethiopian territory and
became the Eritrea and Somalia Governorates. The remainder of "Italian Ethiopia"

consisted the Harar, Galla-Sidamo, Amhara, and Scioa Governorates. Fascist colonial
policy had a divide and conquer characteristic and favored the Somali and Tigrayan
peoples in order to weaken the Amhara people who had been the ruling ethnic group in

the Ethiopian Empire. “

"Italian East Africa." 81
Wikipedia

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Colonial Rule

“ The European colonial powers adopted different approaches to styles of governance
through which they ruled their territorial possessions in Africa.

The French instituted the policy of assimilation designed to covert Africans in the

territories to French citizens; the policy of self- government by the British which replaced
traditional African chiefs with "headmen" and in some cases,, "warrant" chiefs

constructed in a way capable of promoting self-rule by Africans while at the same time
appointing some indigenous Africans as state officials doing the British bidding.

By not dismantling existing traditional African institutions, the British colonial

administration put a lid on the prospects of confrontation and protests. The quasi-
autonomy enjoyed by Africans in the British territories turned out to have prepared