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The 19 century m'zuŋ u scramble for Africa
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"Veni, Vidi, Vici"

African leaders such as Nnamdi Azikiwe of Nigeria and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana for

early independence in Nigeria (October1960) and Ghana (March 1957) respectively.

Under the Belgium colonial rule of paternalism, Belgian multinational companies, the
colonial administration and the Catholic Church became the channels of governance and

control.

With respect to Portuguese colonial rule in of assimilation and paternalism, its decline as
a colonial power and circumstance as a poor state forced it into excessive and brutal

exploitation of its African colonies.

Hence, in Africa, different patterns of political expression and freedoms emerged as well
as varied degrees of development, such as education of the indigenous populations and

different modes of colonial resistance and struggles for independence of the colonies.

French
In the analysis of Zahorik, Jan (2019), the idea of the unification of Francophone colonies

in Africa through language and cultural assimilation was designed to ward off these
countries from unnecessary disintegration as were the experiences of the Portuguese

and Belgian colonies during their struggles for independence "

"British, French, Belgian and Portuguese Models of Colonial Rule 82
and Economic Development in Africa" (2019)
Kamalu, Ngozi Caleb
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“ French colonial officials, like Félix Eboué or Robert Delavignette, wrote and argued
throughout the first half of the 20th century for a distinct French style of rule that was

centralized, uniform, and aimed at assimilating colonial subjects into the French polity.
French rule, sometimes labeled Jacobin, was said in these writings to be based on the
twin ideologies of the centralized unitary French government of the Metropole, with the

French colonial ideology of assimilation.

Colonial Assimilation argued that French law and citizenship were based on universal
values that came from the French Revolution. Mirroring French domestic citizenship law,

French colonial law allowed for anyone who could prove themselves culturally French
(the "Évolués") to become equal French citizens. In French West Africa, only parts of the

Senegalese "Four Communes" ever extended French citizenship outside a few educated
African elite."

"Indirect Rule." 83
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