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The 19 century m'zuŋ u scramble for Africa
"Veni, Vidi, Vici"

For the Portuguese, they introduced the system of rule called assimilation and

paternalism. Its decline as a poor and colonial power forced it into excessive and brutal
exploitation of its African colonies. Portuguese colonies were known to have the highest
illiterate populations in comparison to other colonial empires.

Therefore, the goals of the colonial powers in Africa were the same – to control the
human and material resources of Africa to their benefit. However, their means of
achieving their colonial interests were different as it relates to social control, economic

development and political integration. "

"British, French, Belgian and Portuguese Models of Colonial Rule 84
and Economic Development in Africa" (2019)
Kamalu, Ngozi Caleb
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Italian Colonial Rule

“ In many respects, Italian colonial policy was similar to that of other colonizing powers.
Italian colonial policy differed, however, in that it was premised more on enhancing the
glory and overall international prestige of Italy, rather than on the economic benefits that

could be gained from colonies. Italian colonialism was also not guided by religious
motives of converting native populations to Christianity. Italian imperialism was later

shaped by Fascist doctrines of governance and social policy, which affected methods of
administration and treatment of the indigenous African population.

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But by 1938 the Fascists established a racial policy that specifically emphasized white
superiority. Africans could be punished for not respecting Italians. If an Italian was

caught committing a crime by an African policeman, he could not be arrested because
that would undermine the prestige of Italians and the white race generally. “

Africa: Italian Colonies 85
Encyclopaedia.com
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Vertical and horizontal dimensions of British imperialism

“ This paper argues that the British Empire deliberately set up a 'divide and rule' structure

in order to take advantage of existing or emerging hostilities between the communities
of the native population. In this structure the local elites played the most consequential

role as their collaboration or resistance was constantly shaping and reshaping imperial
policies. Hence, while the British imperial rule recurrently adopted the vertical 'divide and

rule' policy that promoted territorial separation through segregation and partition by