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The 19 century m'zuŋ u scramble for Africa
"Veni, Vidi, Vici"

dividing populations into distinct groups on the basis of linguistics, religion, ethnicity and

race, the collaboration of local native elites gave another dimension to the 'divide and
rule' policies – a horizontal one.

Therefore, the 'divide and rule' policy can be applied in two different ways. The first is

where the foreign ruler divides the local population vertically, separating it into distinct
communities, usually along religious, racial or linguistic lines. The second has a
horizontal dimension because it occurs when the foreign rule divides the whole

population or a community along class lines, thus separating the elites from the masses.
These two ways usually operated in a complementary fashion "

"Divide et Impera : Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions of British Imperialism." 86
Critique 44, no. 3 (July 2016)
Xypolia, Ilia. .

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“ People in Africa were burdened by colonial perceptions of who they were. The British
believed Africans were essentially different from Europeans and would stay that way.

This point of view invited racism, implying that Africans were not just different but also
inferior.

The French, by comparison, were prepared to treat Africans as equals, but only if they

learnt to speak French properly and adopted the values of French culture. If they reached
a sufficient level of education Africans might be accepted as French citizens. To fall

below the required level was to invite charges of racial inferiority. “

https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter2.shtml 87

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Dual Mandate - Frederick Lugard

“ Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard GCMG CB DSO PC (22 January 1858 –
11 April 1945), known as Sir Frederick Lugard between 1901 and 1928, was a British

soldier, mercenary, explorer of Africa and colonial administrator.

***
Lugard's The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa was published in 1922 and

discussed indirect rule in colonial Africa. In this work, Lugard outlined the reasons and
methods that he recommended for the colonisation of Africa. Some of his justifications

for establishing colonial rule included spreading Christianity and ending "barbaric"
practises by African such as human sacrifice. He also saw state-sponsored colonisation
as a way to protect missionaries, local chiefs and local people from each other, as well