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- Augmented systems (e.g. WAAS): Down to 1 meter or better (provides

corrections to GPS signals via geostationary satellites)

- RTK (Real-Time Kinematic): Accuracy at the centimeter level (uses phase

shifting of GNSS signals)

Source Effect

Ionosphere effects ± 5 metres

Circadian rhythm ± 2.5 metres

Satellite clock errors ± 2 metres

Multipath distortion ± 1 meter

Troposphere effedts ± 0.5 metres

Numerical errors ± 1 meter or less

9.10.2.3 Errors and inaccuracies

Errors can affect the accuracy and reliability of position determination.
Here are some common sources of error:

- Satellite positioning:

• Ephemeris error: Inaccurate data about the satellite's position can lead

to errors in calculating distance.

• Clock drift: Internal errors in clocks can affect time measurements.

- Atmospheric disturbances:

• Ionospheric: Signals from satellites can be delayed in the ionosphere,

especially during solar activity.

• Tropospheric: Changes in weather and air pressure can cause signal
interference.

- Multipath effects:

• Reflections: Signals reflected from buildings, terrain, or other surfaces

can create inaccurate measurements.

Flyveteori PPL(A)(UL)/LAPL Henning Andersen, Midtjysk Flyveskole© 2025 892