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Regulatory Aspects for the Drugs and Chemicals Used in Food-Producing Animals Chapter | 7 117

VetBooks.ir pursue if other classes of growth-promoting additives effect; and shall be allocated to one or more of the fol-
lowing categories:
could be licensed. Subsequently, several microorganisms
or probiotics and an organic acid product were authorized
for use as growth promoters. Moreover, enzymes prepara- Technological Additives
tions, such as glucanases, xylanases, proteases, and phy-
tases as well as prebiotics (fructo-oligosaccharides and Technological additives are defined as any substance
related compounds) were granted marketing authorization added to feed for a technological purpose and include the
(Anado ´n et al., 2010, 2016). following functional groups: (1) preservatives: substances
The individual authorizations contain the characteris- or, when applicable, microorganisms which protect feed
tics of the products, the identification of the authorization against deterioration caused by microorganisms or their
holder, the maximum, minimum, and/or recommended metabolites; (2) antioxidants: substances prolonging the
dosages, the animal categories in which they can be used, storage life of feeding stuffs and feed materials by pro-
MRL, and withdrawal periods where necessary as well as tecting them against deteriorationcausedbyoxidation;
specific labeling provisions and further conditions where (3) emulsifiers: substances that make it possible to form
necessary. or maintain a homogeneous mixture of two or more
EFSA’s FEEDAP Panel evaluates safety to the target immiscible phases in feed stuffs; (4) stabilizers: sub-
animal, the consumer, the user (farmer), and the environ- stances which make it possible to maintain the physico-
ment in addition to the efficacy in the target species. The chemical state of feed stuffs; (5) thickeners: substances
FEEDAP Panel carries out its work either in response to which increase the viscosity of feed stuffs; (6) gelling
requests for scientific advice from risk managers or on its agents: substances that give a feed stuff texture through
own initiative. Most commonly, and following specific the formation of a gel; (7) binders: substances that
authorization procedures, the European Commission asks increase the tendency of particles of feed stuffs to
EFSA to provide scientific advice and evaluate the safety adhere; (8) substances for control of radionuclide con-
and/or efficacy of a given substance in the context of its tamination: substances that suppress absorption of radio-
authorization for use in the EU. The scientific assessment nuclides or promote their excretion; (9) anticaking
performed by the panel is based on Terms of Reference agents: substances that reduce the tendency of individual
provided by the European Commission or other European particles of a feed stuff to adhere; (10) acidity regula-
bodies or determined by self-tasking. This scientific tors: substances that adjust the pH of feed stuffs;
assessment guides the panel approach to each question. (11) silage additives: substances, including enzymes or
Therefore, the authorization of an additive should be microorganisms, intended to be incorporated into feed to
granted by the European Commission. improve the production of silage; (12) denaturants: sub-
Article 5 of Regulation (EC) No. 1831/2003 (EC, stances that, when used for the manufacture of processed
2003) states that a feed additive: (1) shall not have an feeding stuffs, allow the identification of the origin of
adverse effect on animal health, human health, or the specific food or feed materials.
environment, (2) shall not be presented in a manner that
may mislead the user, and (3) shall not harm the con- Sensory Additives
sumer by impairing the distinctive features of animal
products, or mislead the consumer with regard to the dis- Sensory additives are defined as any substance that
tinctive features of animal product. improves or changes the organoleptic properties of the
According to the Regulation (EC) No. 1831/2003 a feed and/or the visual characteristics of food derived from
feed additive is a substance, microorganisms, or prepara- animal, and include the following functional groups:
tions, other than feed material and premixtures that is (1) colorants: (a) substances that add or restore color in
intentionally added to feed or water in order to perform, feeding stuffs; (b) substances that, when fed to animals,
in particular, one or more specific functions that are enu- add color to food of animal origin; and (c) substances that
merated in Article 5(3) of the Regulation (EC) No. 1831/ favorably affect the color of ornamental fish or birds; and
2003 (EC, 2003): (1) favorably affect the characteristics (2) flavoring compounds: substances, the inclusion of
of feed; (2) favorably affect the characteristics of animal which in feed stuffs increases feed smell or palatability.
products; (3) favorably affect the color of ornamental
fish and birds; (4) satisfy the nutritional needs of
Nutritional Additives
animals; (5) favorably affect the environmental conse-
quences of animal production; (6) favorably affect animal Nutritional additives supply a specific nutrient required
production, performance or welfare, particularly by by the animal for optimal growth. The following func-
affecting the gastrointestinal flora or digestibility of feed- tional groups are included: (1) vitamins, pro-vitamins, and
ing stuffs; or (7) have a coccidiostatic or histomonostatic chemically well-defined substances having similar effect;