Page 342 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

Reproductive Toxicity and Endocrine Disruption Chapter | 17 309

VetBooks.ir TABLE 17.2 (Continued) Recommendation Comments

Drug
Ketamine B Probably safe. Depression may be seen in puppies delivered by cesarean
section; may increase intrauterine pressure and induce premature labor.
Lidocaine A All local anesthetics appear to be safe when used for a local nerve block or
epidural anesthesia.
Meperidine B Opiates can produce neonatal sedation and respiratory depression, but the
effects can be reversed with the administration of naloxone.
Methoxyflurane C Neonatal depression is seen when used for cesarean section.
Morphine B Opiates can produce neonatal sedation and respiratory depression, but the
effects can be reversed with the administration of naloxone.
Naloxone A Has been shown to be safe when administered to newborns within a few
minutes after birth.
Nitrous oxide B Probably safe. Used frequently for cesarean section without adverse effects.
Oxymorphone B Opiates can produce neonatal sedation and respiratory depression, but the
effects can be reversed with the administration of naloxone.
Pentobarbital D Associated with high incidence of neonatal mortality.
Thiamylal C Easily crosses the placenta; all barbiturates produce respiratory depression in
fetus; however, thiobarbiturates are not as toxic as pentobarbital.
Thiopental C Easily crosses the placenta. All barbiturates produce respiratory depression in
fetus; however, thiobarbiturates are not as toxic as pentobarbital.
Gastrointestinal drugs
Antacids A Safe. Not absorbed systemically.
Antiemetics B Probably safe if administered short term.
Cimetidine B Safety has not been established, but no reports of toxicity in humans.
Dimenhydrinate B Safe if used short term.
Diphenhydramine B Safe if used short term.
Diphenoxylate C Studies have reported adverse effects in laboratory animals, but no adverse
effects havebeen reported in pregnant dogs, cats and humans.
Laxatives B All laxatives, except castor oil (Squibb), are considered safe if they are used
short term. Castor oil causes premature uterine contractions.
Loperamide C Same comment as diphenoxylate.
Metoclopramide B Safe in laboratory animals, but no studies available for cats or dogs.
Methscopolamine C Safety not established.
Misoprostol D Synthetic prostaglandin, causes a termination of pregnancy.
Prochlorperazine B No reports of toxicity when administered short term.
Ranitidine B Safety has not been established, but no reports of toxicity were reported in
humans.
Sucralfate A Probably safe. Not absorbed systemically.
Sulfasalazine B Salicylate component is not absorbed enough to produce adverse effects;
sulfonamide may produce neonatal icterus when used near term (see text).
Cardiovascular drugs
Atropine B Probably safe but may produce fetal tachycardia.
Captopril C Has been shown to be embryotoxic in laboratory animals and goats.

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