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Organophosphates and Carbamates Chapter | 37  507




  VetBooks.ir  effects such as salivation and tremors to serious effects  Gupta, R.C., 2005. Organophosphate poisoning, intermediate syndrome.
                                                                  In: Wexler, P. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd edn.
             such as convulsions, seizures, paralysis, and death.
                                                                  Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 306 308.
             Basically, OPs and CMs are neurotoxicants, but directly
             or indirectly several vital organs are affected. These che-  Gupta, R.C., 2006. Classification and uses of organophosphates and car-
                                                                  bamates. In: Gupta, R.C. (Ed.), Toxicology of Organophosphate and
             micals produce a variety of toxicological effects on the
                                                                  Carbamate Compounds. Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam,
             central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and
                                                                  pp. 5 24.
             cardiovascular,  pulmonary,  ocular,  neurobehavioral,
                                                                Gupta, R.C., Dettbarn, W.-D., 1986. Role of uptake of [14C]valine into
             immunological, reproductive, placental, cutaneous, and
                                                                  protein in the development of tolerance to diisopropyl phosphoro-
             other body systems. In addition, these insecticides cause  fluoridate (DFP) toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 84, 551 560.
             neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation,  Gupta, R.C., Milatovic, D., 2012. Toxicity of organophosphates and car-
             endocrine disruption, and many other complications. In  bamates. In: Marrs, T.C. (Ed.), Mammalian Toxicology of
             general, OPs produce more serious and lingering health  Insecticides. Royal Society of Chemistry Publ, Cambridge,
             effects than CMs. These devastating effects, including a  pp. 104 136.
             complex syndrome like OPIDP, are yet to be mechanisti-  Gupta, R.C., Milatovic, D., 2014. Insecticides. In: Gupta, R.C. (Ed.),
             cally characterized and fully defined. It is expected that  Biomarkers in Toxicology. Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam,
                                                                  pp. 389 407.
             newer compounds of both OP and CM classes with
                                                                Gupta, R.C., Patterson, G.T., Dettbarn, W.-D., 1986. Mechanisms of tox-
             greater selective toxicity as well as improved antidotes
                                                                  icity and tolerance to diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate at the neuro-
             effective in patients with OPIDP or against CMs will be
                                                                  muscular junction of the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 84,
             developed.
                                                                  541 550.
                                                                Gupta, R.C., Milatovic, S., Dettbarn, W.-D., et al., 2007. Neuronal oxi-
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