Page 540 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition
P. 540
Organophosphates and Carbamates Chapter | 37 507
VetBooks.ir effects such as salivation and tremors to serious effects Gupta, R.C., 2005. Organophosphate poisoning, intermediate syndrome.
In: Wexler, P. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 2nd edn.
such as convulsions, seizures, paralysis, and death.
Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 306 308.
Basically, OPs and CMs are neurotoxicants, but directly
or indirectly several vital organs are affected. These che- Gupta, R.C., 2006. Classification and uses of organophosphates and car-
bamates. In: Gupta, R.C. (Ed.), Toxicology of Organophosphate and
micals produce a variety of toxicological effects on the
Carbamate Compounds. Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam,
central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and
pp. 5 24.
cardiovascular, pulmonary, ocular, neurobehavioral,
Gupta, R.C., Dettbarn, W.-D., 1986. Role of uptake of [14C]valine into
immunological, reproductive, placental, cutaneous, and
protein in the development of tolerance to diisopropyl phosphoro-
other body systems. In addition, these insecticides cause fluoridate (DFP) toxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 84, 551 560.
neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, Gupta, R.C., Milatovic, D., 2012. Toxicity of organophosphates and car-
endocrine disruption, and many other complications. In bamates. In: Marrs, T.C. (Ed.), Mammalian Toxicology of
general, OPs produce more serious and lingering health Insecticides. Royal Society of Chemistry Publ, Cambridge,
effects than CMs. These devastating effects, including a pp. 104 136.
complex syndrome like OPIDP, are yet to be mechanisti- Gupta, R.C., Milatovic, D., 2014. Insecticides. In: Gupta, R.C. (Ed.),
cally characterized and fully defined. It is expected that Biomarkers in Toxicology. Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 389 407.
newer compounds of both OP and CM classes with
Gupta, R.C., Patterson, G.T., Dettbarn, W.-D., 1986. Mechanisms of tox-
greater selective toxicity as well as improved antidotes
icity and tolerance to diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate at the neuro-
effective in patients with OPIDP or against CMs will be
muscular junction of the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 84,
developed.
541 550.
Gupta, R.C., Milatovic, S., Dettbarn, W.-D., et al., 2007. Neuronal oxi-
REFERENCES dative injury and dendritic damage induced by carbofuran: protec-
tion by memantine. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 219, 97 105.
Costa, L.G., Murphy, S.D., 1983. [3H]-nicotine binding in rat brain: Gupta, R.C., Miller Muhkerjee, I., Doss, R.B., et al., 2017.
Alteration after chronic acetylcholinesterase inhibition. J. Pharmacol. Organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. In: Gupta, R.C. (Ed.),
Exp. Ther. 226, 392 397. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, 2nd edn. Academic
Costa, L.G., Cole, T.B., Vitalone, A., Furlong, C.E., 2006. Paraoxonase Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 609 631.
polymorphisms and toxicity of organophosphates. In: Gupta, R.C. Indira, M., Andrews, M.A., Rakesh, T.P., 2013. Incidence, predictors,
(Ed.), Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds. and outcome of intermediate syndrome in cholinergic insecticide
Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 247 255. poisoning: A prospective observational cohort study. Clin. Toxicol.
Dandapani, M., Zachariah, A., Kavitha, M.R., et al., 2003. Oxidative 51, 838 845.
damage in intermediate syndrome of acute organophosphorus poi- Johnson, M.K., 1969. Delayed neurotoxic action of some organophos-
soning. Indian J. Med. Res. 117, 253 259. phorus compounds. Br. Med. Bull. 25, 231 235.
De Bleecker, J., 2006. Intermediate syndrome in organophosphate poi- Jokanovic, M., 2010. Medical treatment of poisoning by organopho-
soning. In: Gupta, R.C. (Ed.), Toxicology of Organophosphate and sphates and carbamates. In: Satoh, T., Gupta, R.C. (Eds.),
Carbamate Compounds. Academic Press/Elsevier, Amsterdam, Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and
pp. 371 380. Epidemiology. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, pp. 583 597.
Dekundy, A., Kaminski, R.M., 2010. Central mechanisms of seizures Kaur, S., Singh, S., Chahal, K.S., Prakash, A., 2014. Potential pharmaco-
and lethality following anticholinesterase pesticide exposure. logical strategies for the improved treatment of organophosphate-
In: Satoh, T., Gupta, R.C. (Eds.), Anticholinesterase Pesticides: induced neurotoxicity. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 92, 893 911.
Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiology. John Wiley & Sons, Lockridge, O., Schopfer, L.M., 2006. Biomarkers of organophosphorus
Hoboken, pp. 149 164. pesticide poisoning. In: Gupta, R.C. (Ed.), Toxicology of
Fonnum, F., Sterri, S.H., 1981. Factors modifying the toxicity of organo- Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds. Academic Press/
phosphorus compounds including soman and sarin. Fund. Appl. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 703 711.
Toxicol. 1, 143 147. Mangas, I., Estevez, J., Vilanova, E., et al., 2017. New insights on
Fonnum, F., Sterri, S.H., 2006. Tolerance development to toxicity of molecular interactions of organophosphorus pesticides with
cholinesterase inhibitors. In: Gupta, R.C. (Ed.), Toxicology of esterases. Toxicology. 376, 30 43.
Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds. Academic Press/ Marrs, T.C., 1993. Organophosphate poisoning. Pharmacol. Ther. 58, 51 66.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 257 267. Marrs, T.C., Maynard, R.L., 2013. Neurotransmission systems as targets
Gupta, R.C., 1984. Acute malathion toxicosis and related enzymatic for toxicants: a review. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 29, 381 396.
alterations in Bubalus bubalis: antidotal treatment with atropine, Moretto, A., Lotti, M., 2006. Peripheral nervous system effects and
2-PAM, and diazepam. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 14, 291 303. delayed neuropathy. In: Gupta, R.C. (Ed.), Toxicology of
Gupta, R.C., 1994. Carbofuran toxicity. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 42, Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds. Academic Press/
383 418. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 361 370.
Gupta, R.C., 2004. Brain regional heterogeneity and toxicological Myberg J, Gupta RC. 2007. Intermediate syndrome: muscle weakness
mechanisms of organophosphates and carbamates. Toxicol. Mechan. after organophosphate poisoning in dogs and cats. Vet News South
Meth. 14, 103 143. Africa.