Page 628 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

Anticoagulant Chapter | 46 593

VetBooks.ir Poouli have been reported. Emaciated California quail and brodifacoum ranged from 5 to 106 ng/g and 19 to
Exposure of quail, sparrows, duck, turkeys, and
515 ng/g, respectively (Newton et al., 1990). Of 114 red
(Callopepla californica) were found to have impacted
kites (Milvus milvus) sampled, 70% contained residues
crops due to parafinized chlorophacinone pellets attrib- and 10% reportedly died as a result of rodenticide
uted to the paraffin, since PT times were normal (Blus exposure (Hughes et al., 2013).
et al., 1985). A study of two adjacent working farms Canada: A compilation of 164 stringiformes col-
reports that house sparrows (Passer domesticus) readily lected in Western Canada between 1988 and 2003
entered brodifacoum or bromadiolone bait stations and showed that 70% had residues of at least one rodenti-
fed on unloaded bait. Cases of brodifacoum toxicity in cide, and of these, 41% had more than one. Barred owls
white winged wood duck (James et al., 1998) and mortal- (S. varia) were most frequently exposed (92%), with
ity of wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) associated with liver concentration of brodifacoum ranging from 0.001
use of chlorophacinone for prairie dog (Cynomys spp.) to 0.927 mg/kg and bromadiolone ranging from 0.002 to
control have been reported (Ruder et al., 2011). In 1.012 mg/kg (Albert et al., 2010). A logistic regression
Hawaii, broadcast diphacinone has been implicated in analysis of published data on hepatic rodenticide resi-
toxicoses of the endangered bird Poouli. A 3% and 8% dues and associated symptoms of anticoagulant poison-
probability of mortality was reported for adult and juve- ing from 270 birds of prey reports an estimated
nile Poouli 5 days post broadcast, respectively; residues probability of toxicosis associated with different liver
in snails apparently increased exposure in juvenile birds residue concentrations. Exposure was also evaluated by
(Johnston et al., 2005). analyzing 196 livers from great horned owls (B. virginia-
Ten of 71 Great Bustard (Otis tarda) carcasses col- nus) and red-tailed hawks (B. jamaicensis) found dead at
lected from 1991 to 2010 are reported to contain residues locations across Canada.
of chlorophacinone or flocoumafen associated with vole Norway: Flocoumafen, difethialone, difenacoum, bro-
control. madiolone, and brodifacoum were reported in the livers
Studies reporting exposure and toxicosis of birds of of five species of raptors found dead between 2009 and
prey following exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides 2011. Brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum, and flo-
have been reported for the United States, England, coumafen were detected in about 70% of golden eagle
Canada, Norway, Denmark, France, and Australia. (Aquila chrysaetos) and about 50% of eagle owl (Bubo
United States: In the New York area, brodifacoum, bubo) livers at concentrations between 11 and 255 ng/g
diphacinone, bromadiolone, chlorophacinone, and couma- (Langford et al., 2013).
tetralyl are reportedly implicated in poisoning of nontar- Denmark: Exposure rates and concentrations of five
get wildlife in 80% of 55 animals investigated; exposure anticoagulant rodenticides in liver samples from five rap-
of great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and red-tailed tors and six owls are reported. Of a total of 430 birds, at
hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) constituted half the cases least one rodenticide was detected in 84% 100% of indi-
(Stone et al., 1999). In Massachusets, exposure and toxi- vidual birds within each species, and multiple rodenti-
cosis of red-tailed hawks (B. jamaicensis), barred owls cides were detected in 73% of all birds. The average
(Strix varia), eastern screech owls (M. asio), and great number of rodenticides detected in individual birds was
horned owls (B. virginianus) presented to a wildlife clinic 2.2, with no differences between owls and raptors.
were reported. Of 161 birds tested, 86% had liver resi- Difenacoum, bromadiolone, and brodifacoum were the
dues, 99% of which were brodifacoum; toxicosis was most prevalent substances, and occurred in the highest
diagnosed in 6% of these birds. No indications of suble- concentrations. Concentrations were lower in rough-
thal effects of exposure were found, and no association legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus) and long-eared owl (Asio
between liver brodifacoum concentration and toxicosis otus) than in barn owl (Tyto alba), buzzard (B. buteo),
were reported. In New Jersey, residues of one or more kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), or tawny owl (Strix aluco)
anticoagulant rodenticides were detected in 81% of red- (Christensen et al., 2012).
tailed hawks (B. jamaicensis) and 82% of great horned France and Australia: Bromadiolone has been
owls (B. virginianus) sampled. Brodifacoum and broma- detected in buzzards (Buteo buteo)in France (Berny
diolone were detected in 76% and 20% of red-tailed et al., 1997), and anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis
hawks and 73% and 27% of great horned owls, respec- of birds has been reported in Australia (Reece et al.,
tively. The only other anticoagulant rodenticide reported 1985).
was difenacoum in one great horned owl (Stansley et al., Sparrowhawks: Interestingly, sparrowhawks
2014). (Accipiter nisus), which prey almost exclusively on
England: Ten percent of barn owls collected in birds, have recently been reported to have similar expo-
England had detectable residues of difenacoum or brodi- sure rates to species which prey on rodents (Hughes
facoum in their livers. Liver concentrations of difenacoum et al., 2013).