Page 629 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

594 SECTION | VIII Rodenticides

VetBooks.ir Mammals had hepatic concentrations of 0.44 7.56 μg/g (Vyas
et al., 2012).
Exposure to nontarget mammals is summarized as nontar-
Anticoagulant rodenticides have also been reported in
get wildlife and humans; domestic animals were discussed
other nontarget wildlife in both urban and rural settings.
above.
Brodifacoum, diphacinone, bromadiolone, chlorophaci-
Nontarget wildlife: Questions of the risks of anticoag-
none, and coumatetralyl have been implicated in expo-
ulant rodenticide toxicosis in nontarget animals have been
sures of nontarget wildlife in the New York area,
raised for some time (Eason et al., 2002). Recent studies
including grey squirrels (Scirurus carolinensis), raccoons
report detection of anticoagulant rodenticides in polecats,
(Procyon lotor), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virgi-
mink, and fox in the wild.
nianus)(Stone et al., 1999).
Polecats: Recently, difenacoum and bromadiolone
were detected in 35% of male (13 of 37) and 38% of Humans
female (5 of 13) polecats (Mustela putorius) collected in
England and Wales in areas where the baits had been Most cases of human anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis
used (Shore et al., 2003). Spatial and temporal residues in follow either accidental or intentional oral exposure to
polecats in Britain have been reported (Shore et al., the bait, although cases of potential occupational
2003), consistent with a previous study reporting difena- (Voı tsekhovskiı et al., 2012), transdermal (Binks and
coum in 7 of 24 livers analyzed (Shore et al., 1996). Davies, 2007), and food exposure have been reported.
Mink: In France, populations of the free-ranging The potential for exposure to anticoagulant rodenti-
European mink (Mustela lutreola) have declined. cides through food has been examined for chickens, pigs,
Investigators found bromadiolone and chlorophacinone and sheep.
residues in the livers of four species of free-ranging Chickens: A toxicosis in 6000 laying hens caused by
mink, and raised the question of the risk to these mink the malicious addition of coumatetralyl bait, as well as
(Fournier-Chambrillon et al., 2004). the insecticides aldicarb, methomyl, and imidacloprid in
Fox: Secondary poisoning of fox after broadcast of the drinking water, was investigated. Coumatetralyl in the
anticoagulant rodenticides for voles has been proposed yolk was detected at levels of 0.0057 mg/kg and
(Raoul et al., 2003). Recently, a comparison of liver resi- 0.0052 mg/kg on the second and fourth day of exposure,
dues in fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Northern Ireland (NI) was respectively (Shimshoni et al., 2013). Experimentally, lay-
made with those in Great Britain. Residues were detected ing hens were divided into four groups of 12 animals.
in 84% of fox livers, more than in comparable samples Groups I and II received orally a single dose of bromadio-
from Scotland and similar to England and Wales. lone 10 mg/kg, group III received a single dose of broma-
Bromadiolone toxicosis of coypu has also been reported diolone 60 mg/kg, and group IV was the control.
(Morin et al., 1990). Bromadiolone has also been detected Following 10 and 60 mg/kg treatment, bromadiolone was
in fox (Vulpes vulpes) in France (Berny et al., 1997). not detected in albumen but was present in yolk from day
Experimentally dosed fox had bromadiolone residues in 4 to 5 and from day 2 to 9, respectively.
feces beginning at 15 h after exposure that remained Pigs: Cooking feral pig tissues containing diphacinone
detectable at 26 days; residues in plasma showed a similar had little effect on residual diphacinone. Coumatetralyl
pattern but were not detectable as long. poisoning has been reported in pigs (Dobson, 1973) and
Stoats and weasels: Examination of five anticoagulant pest species (Greaves and Ayres, 1969; Rowe and
rodenticides in livers from 61 stoats (Mustela erminea) Redfern, 1968).
and 69 weasels (Mustela nivalis) revealed exposure in Sheep: Sheep dosed orally with 10, 3, or 2 mg/kg
97% of stoats and 95% of weasels, with 79% of the body wt. pindone developed coagulopathies (Robinson
animals having more than one substance. Difenacoum had et al., 2005).
the highest prevalence (82% in stoats and 88% in
weasels), but bromadiolone was detected in the highest Pediatric Versus Adult Exposures
concentrations in stoats (1.290 μg/g ww) and weasels
Pediatric: Most anticoagulant rodenticide toxicoses are
(1.610 μg/g ww).
accidental; however, some are intentional (Mack, 1994)
Hedgehogs: Exposure of 120 European hedgehogs
in both humans and animals (Misra et al., 2010). In the
(Erinaceus europaeus) throughout Britain is reported to
United States in 2004, 16,054 cases of exposure were
be 3% 13% per compound and 23% overall.
reported as accidental ingestions by children; of these,
Badger and Prairie dogs: Badger tissues collected
4576 patients were hospitalized, 23 had major adverse
in California contained brodifacoum and bromadiolone
outcomes, and one died (Binks and Davies, 2007).
(Quinn et al., 2012). Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys
Pediatric exposures are common, but are usually asymp-
ludovicianus) exposed to 0.005% chlorophacinone
tomatic without significant coagulopathy. Spontaneous