Page 625 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

590 SECTION | VIII Rodenticides

VetBooks.ir after exposure of two factory workers to brodifacoum and 1980). It is effective against the Norway rat (R. norvegicus)
(Richards, 1981; Kamil, 1987). It was recently reported as
difenacoum despite normal PTs (Park et al., 1986).
being effective in a standard 4-day no-choice study of the
Duration of treatment has also been reported for
bromadiolone and chlorophacinone cases, as well as Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, and the roof rat, R. rattus
pindone-dosed sheep. A patient exposed to bromadiolone Egypt. Bromadiolone residues have been examined in tis-
had to be treated for 6 months (Haug et al., 1992). An sues of Arvicola terreteris (Giraudoux et al., 2006) and
18-year-old woman’s PT normalized 7 weeks after delib- coypu (Myocastor coypus)(Jeantet et al., 1991) after field
erate ingestion of 100 mg chlorophacinone (Vogel et al., use. Its effects on the breeding performance of house
1988). Pindone has been detected for up to 14 days in mice have also been investigated (Twigg and Kay, 1995).
blood, 17 days in fat, and 39 days in liver of sheep dosed Chlorophacinone: The efficacy of chlorophacinone
with it (Robinson et al., 2005). against mice, voles, and squirrels has been reported. At
a 25 ppm bait concentration, chlorophacinone is more
effective than coumachlor in controlling common mice
TOXICITY
(M. musculus) in Egypt (Mesban et al., 2003), and can
Target Species control common voles (Microtus arvalis)(Nikodemusz
et al., 1981), palm squirrels (Funambulus pennanti)
By Chemical (Mathur and Prakash, 1980), and house mice (M. musculus)
Brodifacoum: One day of feeding on a 0.005% brodifa- (Lund, 1971).
coum or difenacoum bait is reportedly successful in con- Coumafuryl: Coumafuryl is more effective on R. rattus,
trolling the lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis) R. norvegicus,and B. bengalensis than fumarin and warfa-
in Burma (Brooks et al., 1980). Within 3 days, a 0.005% rin when used in liquid form (Renapurkar, 1982). It was
brodifacoum bait gave complete control of golden ham- effective in controlling the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)
sters (Mesocricetus auratus) resistant to 0.005% warfarin at concentrations used to control R. rattus and R. norvegicus
and difenacoum (Bradfield and Gill, 1984). A 20 ppm (Gill and Redfern, 1980) and M. natalensis (Gill and
brodifacoum bait gave virtually complete control of Redfern, 1979).
Norway rats (R. norvegicus)in21 73 days after other Coumatetralyl: Median survival time was 4.7 and 11.2
treatments had failed (Greaves et al., 1982). Among 35 days in B. bengalensis and R. rattus exposed to 0.0375%
analyzed target and nontarget small mammals, Norway coumatetralyl bait, respectively (Chopra and Parshad,
rats (R. norvegicus) from both baited and nonbaited farms 1985).
had residues of brodifacoum or bromadiolone, and a sin- Diphacinone: Diphacinone has been shown to control
gle vole had hepatic residues (18.6 μ/g). Brodifacoum has rats (Elias and Johns, 1981), vampire bats (Thornton,
recently been used to control brown-necked ravens 1980; Burns and Bullard, 1979, 1980), B. bengalensis
(Corvus ruficollis) in the Suez Canal region (El-Bahrawy (Brooks et al., 1980), and coyotes (Sterner, 1979; Szuber
et al., 2007). At a 0.005% bait concentration brodifacoum and Diechtiar, 1968).
was more effective at 8 days in controlling Meriones sha- Difenacoum: Fifty percent of male mice exposed to
wi than warfarin at 0.025%, coumatetralyl at 0.0375%, 0.5 mg difenacoum/kg body wt. died within 9 days,
difenacoum at 0.005%, and bromadiolone at 0.005% (Gill whereas no female mice died (Winn et al., 1989). Norway
and Redfern, 1983). Brodifacoum’s efficacy has also been rats (R. norvegicus) fed 25 ppm difenacoum bait for
shown for Tatera indica (Rehman and Ahmad, 1983), T. 5, 10, or 20 days had whole carcass residues of
indica, Nesokia indica, B. bengalensis (Greaves and 0.52 0.74 mg/kg body wt., with the higher amount being
Rehman, 1977), field mice (Mus Booduga Gray) present after the longer feeding period (Atterby et al.,
(Balasubramanyam et al., 1984), Rattus rattus and B. ben- 2005; Redfern and Gill, 1980; Rennison and Hadler,
galensis (Deobhankar, 1985), eight rodent species (Lund, 1975). A symptom-dependent taste aversion of the brown
1981, 1988), the Egyptian spiny mouse (Acomys cahiri- rat (R. norvegicus) has been reported because the taste
nus) (Mahmoud and Redfern, 1981), nonresistant aversion is only present when signs are present in the
(Mosterd and Thijssen, 1991), and warfarin-resistant rats animal (Smith et al., 1994).
(Rennison and Dubock, 1978). A number of early studies Flocoumafen: Flocoumafen has been demonstrated to
were conducted under the designation WBA 8119 (Rowe control R. rattus, B. bengalensis (Parshad and Chopra,
and Bradfield, 1976; Rowe et al., 1978). A number of dif- 1986), R. norvegicus (Buckle, 1986), and the house mouse
ferent rodenticides have been tested for efficacy against (M. musculus)(Rowe et al., 1985a, b). Flocoumafen gave a
rodents in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plantings (Sabhlok quicker and equally effective kill of 68 mice (M. musculus)
et al., 1997). exposed to a 0.005% oatmeal bait when compared to dife-
Bromadiolone: Bromadiolone has been effective nacoum, bromadiolone, and brodifacoum at the same bait
against warfarin-resistant rats and mice (Redfern and Gill, concentrations (Rowe et al., 1985a,b). A nonbiliary