Page 264 - Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology, 6th Edition
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CHAPTER 14  Cancer Immunotherapy  243


           thus finding ways to incorporate immunotherapy into current    17.   Aspeslagh S, Postel-Vinay S, Rusakiewicz S, Soria JC, Zitvogel L,
           standard of care may actually enhance the effectiveness of these   Marabelle A: Rationale for anti-OX40 cancer immunotherapy, Eur
                                                                     J Cancer 52:50–66, 2016.
           modalities. For example, we have observed that the use of lipo-
  VetBooks.ir  somal clodronate therapy to eliminate MDSCs can enhance the    18.   Knee DA, Hewes B, Brogdon JL: Rationale for anti-GITR cancer
                                                                     immunotherapy, Eur J Cancer 67:1–10, 2016.
           tumor response to chemotherapy in dogs with malignant his-
           tiocytosis. 262  We hypothesize that the immunosuppressive cells    19.   Henick BS, Herbst RS, Goldberg SB: The PD-1 pathway as a ther-
                                                                     apeutic target to overcome immune escape mechanisms in cancer,
           present in the tumor microenvironment are capable of protect-  Expert Opin Ther Targets 18(12):1407–1420, 2014.
           ing tumor cells from the effects of chemotherapy, thus by remov-   20.   McDermott DF, Atkins MB: PD-1 as a potential target in cancer
           ing these tumor cells, we can enhance the effectiveness of the   therapy, Cancer Med 2(5):662–673, 2013.
           chemotherapy.  We predict that the use of immunotherapy as    21.   Shi F, Shi M, Zeng Z, et al.: PD-1 and PD-L1 upregulation pro-
           part of a protocol to treat canine and feline diseases should soon   motes CD8(+) T-cell apoptosis and postoperative recurrence in hepa-
           become routine. By understanding the role of the immune sys-  tocellular carcinoma patients, Int J Cancer 128(4):887–896, 2011.
           tem in cancer in our small animal patients, we can develop better    22.   Mu CY, Huang JA, Chen Y, et al.: High expression of PD-L1 in
           immunotherapies that will not only benefit these patients, but   lung cancer may contribute to poor prognosis and tumor cells
           also ones that will be applicable to human medicine.      immune escape through suppressing tumor infiltrating dendritic
                                                                     cells maturation, Med Oncol 28(3):682–688, 2011.
                                                                  23.   Nomi T, Sho M, Akahori T, et al.: Clinical significance and thera-
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